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Item type:Publication, Sports organizations’ duty to protect athletes’ dignity: a universal human rights analysis to comply with the prohibition of non-accidental violence in sports regulations(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-07-19); ;Zatarain, BernardoModern sports organizations, like the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique and the Fédération Internationale de la Football Association, prohibit different forms of non-accidental violence, including sexual harassment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect. This prohibition relates to a sports organization’s modern duty to protect human rights and dignity during all activities. In practice, however, it is often difficult to determine when a sports organization member’s acts or conduct crosses the line of intrinsic sporting demands to become harassment, physical or psychological abuse, or neglect towards another member. Sports law literature is scarce on this issue. The authors provide a contemporaneous answer to this question revisiting the meaning of human dignity and its relation to the right of freedom from degrading treatment. The authors offer a test to answer the question ¿when an act or conduct reaches the standard of non-accidental violence in the professional sports context? They also apply their proposed test to real-life scenarios of potential non-accidental violence in sports. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Brain Drain in Sport: Socio‐Cultural, Economic Drivers, and Policy Implications of Athlete Migration(Wiley, 2025) ;Norouzi Seyed Hossini, Rasool ;Amini, Maryam ;Moradi, Erfan ;Mohebbi, FereshtehAfshar Jahanshahi, AsgharThe global sports landscape has witnessed a significant rise in athlete migration, shaped by complex socio-cultural and economic factors. This study employs a qualitative research design based on grounded theory, specifically utilizing situational analysis (SA), to examine the migration dynamics of Iranian athletes. SA was selected for its capacity to provide a comprehensive analytical framework that captures the historical context, social arenas, and positionalities influencing migration trajectories. Findings reveal that Iranian athletes' migration is primarily driven by: (1) socioeconomic instability, and (2) the network of social relationships, which collectively shape five distinct migration positions. By developing a grounded theoretical model, this study offers a nuanced typology of Iranian athlete migration, contributing to the broader discourse on sports mobility, transnationalism, and the intersection of structural constraints and individual agency in migration decisions. From a policy perspective, the study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address the root causes of migration, such as socioeconomic instability and the lack of opportunities within national sports systems. While investments in economic development, sports infrastructure, and talent retention strategies are generally believed to mitigate migration, initial improvements in these areas may not necessarily lead to less migration and could, in some cases, exacerbate the trend. This paper explores this theoretical contradiction and suggests that while investment in sports development is crucial, further research is needed to understand how such policies interact with different types of migration, including economic, forced, and temporary migration. Policies aimed at improving economic conditions for athletes, fostering talent retention strategies, and enhancing local sports infrastructures may still play a role in reducing some forms of migration, particularly if coupled with efforts to create stronger support networks and career development programs for athletes within the country. ©The authors ©Journal of Public Affairs ©Wiley.
