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A 2026 Update on Computational Approaches to the Discovery and Design of Antimicrobial Peptides
(MDPI AG, 2026)
Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Antunes, Agostinho
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Marrero Ponce, Yovani
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to stand as a critical global healthcare challenge. Current projections suggest that AMR could become the leading cause of death by 2050, potentially surpassing cancer mortality rates [1]. The urgency for novel therapeutic agents was further underscored by the 2020 pandemic, which shifted antibiotic consumption patterns and accelerated the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) “superbugs” [2]. In this precarious landscape, Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) represent a transformative frontier. Unlike traditional antibiotics, AMPs typically target microbial membranes, a mechanism that significantly diminishes the likelihood of resistance development [3,4]. The conventional discovery of AMPs is a laboratory-intensive process often hampered by prohibitive costs and protracted timelines. This Special Issue, “A 2026 Update on Computational Approaches to the Discovery and Design of Antimicrobial Peptides”, showcases the power of in silico methodologies to accelerate the identification and optimization of these therapeutic candidates [5]. ©The authors ©MDPI.
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StarPepWeb: an integrative, graph-based resource for bioactive peptides
(Oxford University Press, 2024)
López, Christian
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Cárdenas, Roberto
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Aguilera-Mendoza, Longendri
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Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Martínez Ríos, Félix Orlando
Motivation: The rapid growth of bioactive peptide sequences presents challenges for organization and analysis. Existing repositories often specialize in functions, taxonomic origins, or structural classes, but most remain isolated, use heterogeneous metadata, and lack uniform descriptors or structural models. Few integrative web services exist, offering only partial coverage or depth. As a result, reproducible and comprehensive exploration of the bioactive peptide landscape remains limited, underscoring the need for a unified, source-tracked, extensible platform. Results: We present StarPepWeb, a freely accessible web application that democratizes access to StarPepDB, one of the largest curated repositories of bioactive peptides. The platform integrates 45 120 non-redundant sequences from 40 public databases into a source-tracked graph enriched with metadata, physicochemical features, and predicted 3D structures from ESMFold. Each peptide is represented with ESM-2 embeddings and iFeature descriptors, while the interface supports metadata-aware filtering, alignment-based similarity searches with single and multiple queries, and interactive visualization. A microservice-oriented architecture ensures scalability, maintainability, and reproducible versioned downloads, including Neo4j exports. StarPepWeb thus overcomes deployment and expertise barriers of the standalone database, providing an extensible, cloud-hosted framework for integrative bioactive peptide analysis. ©The authors ©Oxford University Press.
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Half-Space Proximal Networks (HSPNs): A Proxy for Multi-Query Similarity Searching Models Predicting Tumor-Homing Peptides
(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025)
Romero, Maylin
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Marrero Ponce, Yovani
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Martínez Ríos, Félix Orlando
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Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Aguilera-Mendoza, Longendri
Tumor-homing peptides (THPs) have emerged as promising agents in cancer treatments. These short sequences can specifically target tumor cells and vasculature. Here, a nontrained machine learning (ML) method based on network science and multiquery similarity searching to predict THPs is presented. We leverage the network-based representation of THPs’ chemical space to extract valuable information by employing a novel similarity-based, yet sparse, network known as the halfspace proximal network (HSPN). The HSPN of the THPs’ giant component is composed of 12 communities that represent distinct modes of action and/or targets, as well as sequence templates (scaffolds). In the HSPN analysis, various centrality measures were employed to identify the most significant and nonredundant THPs. These central THPs were then used as queries (Qs) in group fusion similarity-based searches against an established collection of known THPs. The performance of the resulting multiquery similarity-based search models (MQSSMs) was assessed using three benchmarking datasets of THPs/non-THPs. The MQSSMs derived from the HSPNs (THP2) demonstrated superior discrimination performance compared to the classical chemical space networks (CSNs, namely THP1) when applied to the THPs/non-THPs datasets Remarkably, exceptional MCC values (>0.887) were achieved when utilizing Qs from both CSN and HSPN networks to construct MQSSMs (THP3), employing a similarity threshold of 0.6, in external datasets. Next, we conducted a statistical comparison between the performance of our top-performing MQSSM, THP3, and several THP prediction servers, including TumorHPD, THPep, SCMTHP, and NEPTUNE. Our proposed model demonstrated its superiority by surpassing the state-of-the-art supervised and trained ML methods for THP prediction with statistically significant differences. These results provide strong evidence that network-based similarity searches are highly effective and reliable for identifying THPs. ©The authors ©American Chemical Society (ACS).
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Mapping the Chemical Space of Antiviral Peptides with Half-Space Proximal and Metadata Networks Through Interactive Data Mining
(MDPI AG, 2025)
Llano García, Daniela de
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Marrero Ponce, Yovani
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Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Rodríguez, Hortensia
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Ferri, Francesc J.
Antiviral peptides (AVPs) are promising therapeutic candidates, yet the rapid growth of sequence data and the field’s emphasis on predictors have left a gap: the lack of an integrated view linking peptide chemistry with biological context. Here, we map the AVP landscape through interactive data mining using Half-Space Proximal Networks (HSPNs) and Metadata Networks (MNs) in the StarPep toolbox. HSPNs minimize edges and avoid fixed thresholds, reducing computational cost while enabling high-resolution analysis. A threshold-free HSPN resolved eight chemically and biologically distinct communities, while MNs contextualized AVPs by source, function, and target, revealing structural–functional relationships. To capture diversity compactly, we applied centrality-guided scaffold extraction with redundancy removal (90–50% identity), producing four representative subsets suitable for modeling and similarity searches. Alignment-free motif discovery yielded 33 validated motifs, including 10 overlapping with reported AVP signatures and 23 apparently novel. Motifs displayed category-specific enrichment across antimicrobial classes, and sequences carrying multiple motifs (≥4–5) consistently showed higher predicted antiviral probabilities. Beyond computational insights, scaffolds provide representative “entry points” into AVP chemical space, while motifs serve as modular building blocks for rational design. Together, these resources provide an integrated framework that may inform AVP discovery and support scaffold- and motif-guided therapeutic design. ©The authors ©MDPI.
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Editorial: Harnessing marine biodiversity for novel antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant pathogens
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025)
Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Domínguez-Pérez, Dany
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Marrero Ponce, Yovani
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a defining challenge of our era, responsible for an alarming number of deaths that now surpass those caused by HIV and malaria. Projections estimate that by 2050, AMR could lead to 10 million deaths annually. The COVID19 pandemic has amplified this crisis, fueling the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, particularly those associated with biofilms. In response, governments have begun adopting more agile investment models, while academia and emerging biotech initiatives play increasingly central roles in the discovery of next-generation antimicrobials. The ocean, covering over 70% of Earth’s surface, represents an extraordinary yet underexploited reservoir of chemical diversity. Marine ecosystems harbor a vast array of microorganisms and multicellular life forms adapted to extreme and varied habitats. These organisms, from actinomycetes to fish and fungi, produce structurally unique secondary metabolites as chemical defenses or communication tools—many of which exhibit promising antimicrobial activities. This Research Topic aims to showcase the potential of marine biodiversity in providing new solutions to counteract MDR pathogens. © The authors © Frontiers Media.
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Unlocking Antimicrobial Peptides: In Silico Proteolysis and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Discovery from Cnidarian Omics
(MDPI, 2025)
Barroso, Ricardo Alexandre
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Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Sousa, Rita
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Marrero Ponce, Yovani
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Antunes, Agostinho
Overcoming the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which affects millions of people worldwide, has driven attention for the exploration of marine-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for innovative solutions. Cnidarians, such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish, are a promising valuable resource of these bioactive peptides due to their robust innate immune systems yet are still poorly explored. Hence, we employed an in silico proteolysis strategy to search for novel AMPs from omics data of 111 Cnidaria species. Millions of peptides were retrieved and screened using shallow- and deep-learning models, prioritizing AMPs with a reduced toxicity and with a structural distinctiveness from characterized AMPs. After complex network analysis, a final dataset of 3130 Cnidaria singular non-haemolytic and non-toxic AMPs were identified. Such unique AMPs were mined for their putative antibacterial activity, revealing 20 favourable candidates for in vitro testing against important ESKAPEE pathogens, offering potential new avenues for antibiotic development. ©The authors. ©MDPI.
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Molecular Modeling of Vasodilatory Activity : Unveiling Novel Candidates Through Density Functional Theory, QSAR, and Molecular Dynamics
(MDPI, 2024)
Bernal, Anthony
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Márquez, Edgar A.
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Flores-Sumoza, Máryury
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Cuesta, Sebastián A.
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Mora, José Ramón
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) pose a significant global health challenge, requiring innovative therapeutic strategies. Vasodilators, which are central to vasodilation and blood pressure reduction, play a crucial role in cardiovascular treatment. This study integrates quantitative structure– (QSAR) modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the biological activity and interactions of vasodilatory compounds with the aim to repurpose drugs already known and estimateing their potential use as vasodilators. By exploring molecular descriptors, such as electronegativity, softness, and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy, this study identifies key structural features influencing vasodilatory effects, as it seems molecules with the same mechanism of actions present similar frontier orbitals pattern. The QSAR model was built using fifty-four Food Drugs Administration-approved (FDA-approved) compounds used in cardiovascular treatment and their activities in rat thoracic aortic rings; several molecular descriptors, such as electronic, thermodynamics, and topographic were used. The best QSAR model was validated through robust training and test dataset split, demonstrating high predictive accuracy in drug design. The validated model was applied on the FDA dataset and molecules in the application domain with high predicted activity were retrieved and filtered. Thirty molecules with the best-predicted pKI50 were further analyzed employing molecular orbital frontiers and classified as angiotensin-I or β1-adrenergic inhibitors; then, the best scoring values obtained from molecular docking were used to perform a molecular dynamics simulation, providing insight into the dynamic interactions between vasodilatory compounds and their targets, elucidating the strength and stability of these interactions over time. According to the binding energies results, this study identifies novel vasodilatory candidates where Dasabuvir and Sertindole seem to have potent and selective activity, offering promising avenues for the development of next-generation cardiovascular therapies. Finally, this research bridges computational modelling with experimental validation, providing valuable insight for the design of optimized vasodilatory agents to address critical unmet needs in cardiovascular medicine. ©The authors ©International Journal of Molecular Sciences ©MDPI
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Unveiling Encrypted Antimicrobial Peptides from Cephalopods' Salivary Glands: A Proteolysis-Driven Virtual Approach
(American Chemical Society, 2024)
Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Domínguez-Pérez, Dany
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Marrero Ponce, Yovani
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Castillo-Mendieta, Kevin
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Antunes, Agostinho
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have potential against antimicrobial resistance and serve as templates for novel therapeutic agents. While most AMP databases focus on terrestrial eukaryotes, marine cephalopods represent a promising yet underexplored source. This study reveals the putative reservoir of AMPs encrypted within the proteomes of cephalopod salivary glands via in silico proteolysis. A composite protein database comprising 5,412,039 canonical and noncanonical proteins from salivary apparatus of 14 cephalopod species was subjected to digestion by 5 proteases under three protocols, yielding over 9 million of nonredundant peptides. These peptides were effectively screened by a selection of 8 prediction and sequence comparative tools, including machine learning, deep learning, multiquery similarity-based models, and complex networks. The screening prioritized the antimicrobial activity while ensuring the absence of hemolytic and toxic properties, and structural uniqueness compared to known AMPs. Five relevant AMP datasets were released, ranging from a comprehensive collection of 542,485 AMPs to a refined dataset of 68,694 nonhemolytic and nontoxic AMPs. Further comparative analyses and application of network science principles helped identify 5466 unique and 808 representative nonhemolytic and nontoxic AMPs. These datasets, along with the selected mining tools, provide valuable resources for peptide drug developers. ©The authors ©ACS Omega.
Scopus© Citations 1 13
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Unraveling the hemolytic toxicity tapestry of peptides using chemical space complex networks
(Oxford University Press, 2024)
Castillo-Mendieta, Kevin
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Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Mora, José R.
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Pérez, Noel
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Contreras-Torres, Ernesto
Peptides have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. However, their potential is hindered by hemotoxicity. Understanding the hemotoxicity of peptides is crucial for developing safe and effective peptide-based therapeutics. Here, we employed chemical space complex networks (CSNs) to unravel the hemotoxicity tapestry of peptides. CSNs are powerful tools for visualizing and analyzing the relationships between peptides based on their physicochemical properties and structural features. We constructed CSNs from the StarPepDB database, encompassing 2,004 hemolytic peptides, and explored the impact of seven different (dis)similarity measures on network topology and cluster (communities) distribution. Our findings revealed that each CSN extracts orthogonal information, enhancing the motif discovery and enrichment process. We identified 12 consensus hemolytic motifs, whose amino acid composition unveiled a high abundance of lysine, leucine, and valine residues, whereas aspartic acid, methionine, histidine, asparagine, and glutamine were depleted. Additionally, physicochemical properties were used to characterize clusters/communities of hemolytic peptides. To predict hemolytic activity directly from peptide sequences, we constructed multi-query similarity searching models, which outperformed cutting-edge machine learning-based models, demonstrating robust hemotoxicity prediction capabilities. Overall, this novel in silico approach uses complex network science as its central strategy to develop robust model classifiers, characterize the chemical space, and discover new motifs from hemolytic peptides. This will help to enhance the design/selection of peptides with potential therapeutic activity and low toxicity. ©2024 Toxicological Sciences ©2024 The authors.
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Multiquery Similarity Searching Models: An Alternative Approach for Predicting Hemolytic Activity from Peptide Sequence
(American Chemical Society, 2024)
Castillo-Mendieta, Kevin
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Agüero-Chapin, Guillermin
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Marquez, Edgar
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Perez-Castillo, Yunierkis
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Barigye, Stephen J.
The desirable pharmacological properties and a broad number of therapeutic activities have made peptides promising drugs over small organic molecules and antibody drugs. Nevertheless, toxic effects, such as hemolysis, have hampered the development of such promising drugs. Hence, a reliable computational tool to predict peptide hemolytic toxicity is enormously useful before synthesis and experimental evaluation. Currently, four web servers that predict hemolytic activity using machine learning (ML) algorithms are available; however, they exhibit some limitations, such as the need for a reliable negative set and limited application domain. Hence, we developed a robust model based on a novel theoretical approach that combines network science and a multiquery similarity searching (MQSS) method. A total of 1152 initial models were constructed from 144 scaffolds generated in a previous report. These were evaluated on external data sets, and the best models were fused and improved. Our best MQSS model I1 outperformed all state-of-the-art ML-based models and was used to characterize the prevalence of hemolytic toxicity on therapeutic peptides. Based on our model’s estimation, the number of hemolytic peptides might be 3.9-fold higher than the reported.© 2024 American Chemical Society
Scopus© Citations 3 33 1

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