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Yes, We Comply, but Do We Include?: The Employment Disability Challenge
(Common Ground Research Networks, 2025)
Mucharraz y Cano, Yvette
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Aleman-Castilla, Benjamin
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Dávila-Ruiz, Diana
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Cuilty-Esquive, Karla
While organizations struggle to find talent to be sustainable, persons with disabilities (PWD) struggle to enter and remain in the labor market. This study aims to explore the discrepancy between businesses’ readiness to incorporate PWD and the actual integration of this population. By employing a literature review and econometric analysis, including generalized linear models, this study examines the impact of Mexican standards and other factors on the inclusion of PWD in firms. The findings are grounded in the social model of disability, which proposes six hypotheses related to overcoming organizational barriers that result in a conceptual proposal of four key variables that could foster a more successful integration of PWD from recruitment to long-term employment, namely accessibility standards, assistive technology, compliance with Mexican standard frameworks, and the formulation and enforcement of human resources policies or programs. The conceptual framework also outlines the importance of considering and managing organizational ethics of care to prepare organizations for the inclusion of PWD. This study introduces the term “anapirophobia” to describe nonacceptance of disability. By identifying and addressing “anapirophobia,” it is possible to influence the workplace atmosphere for the inclusion of persons with disabilities. The results indicate that despite companies perceiving themselves as being prepared for the inclusion of PWD and compliant with regulations, this does not necessarily result in actual employment or support for the development of PWD. ©The authors ©The International Journal of Organizational Diversity ©Common Ground Research Networks.
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Benefit-Cost Analysis of Nonprofit Cataract Surgery Services: A Social Return on Investment Approach at the Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology
(International Society for Third-Sector Research, 2024)
Aleman-Castilla, Benjamin
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Ochoa-Ramírez, Paola
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López-Star, Ellery
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Dahik Loor, Ana Cristina
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Espinosa-Vega, Daniela
Cataract is the primary cause of treatable blindness in low- and middle-income countries. Due to limited resources, the public sector often fails to provide adequate services, resulting in long waiting times, low quality or significant quantity gaps. Nonprofits are crucial in providing supplementary or complementary funding and resources for affordable eye care and other public goods and services. This study evaluates costs and benefits of cataract surgery at the nonprofit Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology (IMO) using data from interviews conducted in 2022 to estimate its social return. For every peso invested, the average stakeholder receives a 12:1 return in improved autonomy, self-confidence, and reduced stress levels. Sensitivity analysis suggests a SROI ratio of at least 2:1 in the most restrictive scenario, increasing to 33:1 under more lenient assumptions. Measuring and communicating the social value of nonprofit activities is critical for optimizing resource allocation, enhancing accountability, and generating valuable insights into their effectiveness. © International Society for Third-Sector Research
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Benefit–Cost Analysis of Increased Trade: An Order-of-Magnitude Estimate of the Benefit–Cost Ratio
(Cambridge University Press, 2023)
Feyrer, James
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Tyazhelnikov, Vladimir
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Aleman-Castilla, Benjamin
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Wong, Brad
Drawing upon recent studies that empirically estimate both the benefits and costs of trade, this paper addresses a simple and important question: By how much do the benefits of increased global trade outweigh the costs? To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to answer this question at global and World Bank income-grouping levels using empirically estimated relationships from the trade cost literature. Using a structural gravity model, we simulate changes in three primary trade constraints: a 10% reduction in tariff levels, a 10% reduction in effective distance, and a 10% increase in free trade agreement depth. The projection leads to a roughly 5% increase in global trade by value. Our model suggests that increased trade has an incredibly high benefit–cost ratio (BCR) for the developing world with an order-of-magnitude estimate for low- and lower–middle-income countries of 100 and for upper–middle-income countries of 50. However, the BCR for high-income countries is substantially lower, with a value closer to 5. Overall, the results suggest that free trade leads to substantial net benefits globally, generating US$ 700 billion in benefits (0.83% of global GDP) and US$ 100 billion in costs (0.12% of global GDP) in the first year, a differential that grows over time. Sensitivity analyses suggest that our BCRs are on the lower end of a plausible range. The results point to the incredible value of free trade, particularly for developing countries, and reiterate the importance of considering distributional impacts when implementing trade reforms.
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