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¿Falta de ética de la asociación médica mundial y de otros organismos internacionales?
(Academia Nacional de Medicina, 2004)
García–Romero, Horacio
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Casas-Martínez, María-de-la-Luz
En 1997, Lurie y Wolfe denunciaron en la revista New England Journal of Medicine a un grupo de médicos, auspiciados por la industria farmacéutica, que habían realizado 15 investigaciones en países subdesarrollados, que incluían procedimientos que faltaban a todos los códigos éticos que a partirde los juicios Nuremberg daban sustento moral a la investigación. Se trataba de estudios en los que se investigaban un medicamento nuevo o dosis alternativas de alguno conocido para evitar la transmisión perinatal del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). El grave problema ético consistió en que en estos estudios se emplearon como grupos testigos (controles) de la investigación a mujeres embarazadas infectadas con VIH a las que se les administró un placebo. Desde 1994 se sabía que un régimen intenso con zidovudine (AZT) aplicado a la mujer infectada durante los últimos meses de su embarazo y en el parto, puede reducir drásticamente la transmisión verticaldel VIH al recién nacido. El reporte original de Connory colaboradores, señalaba una disminución de 25.5 a 8.3 %.3 A partirde 1995, añadiendo otras medidas (cesárea antes del trabajo de parto, medicación al recién nacido y supresión de la lactancia materna), la transmisión vertical del VIH se redujo 1 a 2 %. © Los autores © Gaceta Médica de México © Academia Nacional de Medicina.
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¿Qué es un dilema en bioética?
(Colegio Mexicano de Anestesiología A.C., 2019)
Casas-Martínez, María-de-la-Luz
Basta abrir una página de internet, ver un noticiero, oír el radio o estar en cualquier reunión para encontrarnos con este tipo de noticias: «Se producen los primeros bebés modificados genéticamente», «se programa el primer trasplante de cabeza en el mundo», «nace el primer bebé con tres padres», «una empresa ofrece la criogenización de cadáveres», «a partir de muestras de sangre de una mujer, se podrían producir óvulos y espermatozoides», ¿es posible crear una nueva especie a partir de la humana?, ¿podremos vivir para siempre? Seguramente, estos temas son tanto de interés general como particular y pueden ser abordados desde diferentes campos de conocimiento, mas la mayoría de las veces no se cuenta para su resolución con verdaderos argumentos que sustenten los diversos puntos de vista, razonamientos basados no solamente en la efectividad de las técnicas, sino en el diagnóstico moral que merecen al ser aplicados al ser humano en especial y a los seres vivos y la ecología en general. © La autora © Mediagraphic © Colegio Mexicano de Anestesiología A.C.
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System Over Lebenswelt in Communicative Action: Inner Mechanisms of the Institutionalisation of Advertising
(Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, 2025)
Garduño, Mariana
Drawing from Habermas’ distinction between the system and life-world, the article explores and analyses how advertising operates within both domains, influencing not only the institutional structure but also everyday social interactions, thus providing the framework for the institutionalisation of advertising as a social actor and force in contemporary society. Using Super Bowl commercials to explain the way that they reflect and shape dominant cultural values, and based on George Ritzer’s McDonaldisation, Shoshana Zuboff’s surveillance capitalism, Manuel Castells’ social capital and power dynamics, and Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of symbolic capital and habitus, the article examines how advertising has evolved beyond its commercial role to become a central institution that shapes behaviours, identities and cultural norms. It highlights the role of advertising in reinforcing social power and cultural capital, which can be identified by the data driven personalisation, narrative control and standardisation that brands use to leverage their power through their commercial narratives. It also addresses critiques of the institutionalisation of advertising which provides an understanding on how advertising functions as a powerful institution that reflects and shapes social realities in the digital and mass consumption era. © The author © Lithuanian Academy of Sciences.
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Dynamic effect of legal complexity on the value added tax in Mexico
(Economics Bulletin, 2025)
Moreno Espinosa, Javier
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Mata, Leovardo
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Beltrán, Jaime Humberto
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Dávila-Aragón, Griselda
This paper studies legal complexity and its dynamic relationship with the Value Added Tax Law, from its original version published in 1978 to the current version. To this end, the variables structure, entropy, and interdependence of the legal texts associated with the VAT Law constitute the complexity index. A VAR model then finds evidence of Granger causality between legal complexity and VAT, although no cointegration relationship exists. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between the variables is confirmed, quantifying the short-term effect of legal complexity and comparing it for robustness with the estimation of an ARIMAX and generalized OLS model. © 2025, The authors. © Economics Bulletin. All rights reserved.
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Episiotomy Decision‐Making and Perceived Consequences: A Qualitative Study From Two Public Hospitals in Mexico
(Wiley, 2026)
Jaimes‐Jiménez, Ithandehui
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Valtierra‐Gutiérrez, Erika Sofia
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González‐De Ita, Rodrigo A.
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Caballero‐Torres, Luis Ernesto
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González‐Ledesma, Arturo
Introduction: Episiotomy remains a widely performed procedure in many countries, despite international recommendations favoring a restrictive approach. In Mexico, high rates persist in several settings, including public hospitals. Understanding the factors that sustain this practice is key to designing evidence-based respectful birth care strategies. This study aimed to explore healthcare professionals' perspectives on the decision-making process, performance, and perceived consequences of episiotomy, and to engage them in the co-design of behavioral science–informed interventions to promote its restrictive use. Methods: A two-phase qualitative study was conducted in two public hospitals in Mexico, as part of a broader project aimed at promoting the restrictive use of episiotomy. In Phase 1, we conducted 22 semi-structured interviews with maternal health care workers, selected through purposive sampling. Interviews were analyzed inductively using iterative coding and thematic grouping. In Phase 2, group interviews were conducted to discuss findings and collaboratively design interventions for a future pilot quasi-experimental study. Results: Episiotomy decisions are often guided by clinical and preventive considerations. Non-clinical factors, including productivity burdens and training, also contributed to the high rates of episiotomy. Despite the absence of formal institutional monitoring of episiotomy rates, professionals expressed a strong interest in receiving feedback and training. Conclusion: Episiotomy practices in this setting are influenced by clinical, systemic, and educational factors. Addressing potential overuse of episiotomy requires institutional feedback systems, evidence-based training, and strategies to improve dignity in care. Engaging stakeholders through a participatory approach helps ensure that potential interventions are contextually relevant and feasible to implement. ©the authors © Wiley.
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Extending computational trinitarianism
(Oxford University Press, 2026)
Cano-Jorge, Fernando
Computational trinitarianism is the view that a single notion of computation has three different manifestations: in logic as proofs, in typed-calculus as programs, and in category theory as morphisms. This idea has traditionally been closely associated with intuitionistic logic but here we argue that the connection is not exclusive. We provide a logician friendly, self-contained introduction to this topic by presenting the trinities for linear, affine, and relevant logic. The ground we set for that goal is then used to show how to obtain paraconsistent trinities by including the De Morgan negation. ©The author © Oxford University Press.
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Intraoperative identification of a left non-recurrent laryngeal nerve by neuromonitoring: a critical anatomical finding—case report
(Oxford University Press, 2026)
Lanzagorta Ortega, Dioselina
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Hernández Martínez, Ana Sofía
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Gómez Woodworth, Juan Ramón
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Peña Garcia, Juan Francisco
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Mercado Atri, Moises
Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and its non-recurrent variant (NRLN) remains one of the most significant complications of thyroid and parathyroid surgery. The NRLN is a rare anatomical variation that arises directly from the cervical vagus nerve without looping into the thoracic cavity, most often associated with an aberrant subclavian artery. Identification of this structure is essential to avoid iatrogenic injury, particularly during thyroidectomy. We report the intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) identification of an unexpected non-recurrent left inferior laryngeal nerve; emerging directly from the vagus nerve and coursing horizontally towards the larynx. This case emphasizes the importance of IONM, surgical awareness of anatomical variation to prevent RLN and NRLN injury, and ensuring optimal postoperative laryngeal function. © The authors © Oxford University Press
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The evolution of craniotomies, from the ancient civilizations to modern warfare: a historical review
(Elsevier BV, 2026)
Cherem-Kibrit, Marcos
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Moreno-Palacios, Jorge
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Zonana-Schatz, Elias
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Romano-Feinholz, Samuel
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Barron-Cervantes, Natalia María
Background: Craniotomies represent one of the oldest surgical procedures in human history and have evolved significantly through centuries of medical innovation and wartime necessity. From prehistoric trepanation practices to modern neurosurgical interventions, military conflicts have repeatedly accelerated advances in cranial surgery. Methods: This historical review examines the evolution of craniotomies across major historical periods, including prehistoric civilizations, the Renaissance, and modern warfare. Emphasis was placed on the influence of battlefield medicine, technological innovation, and ethical considerations in shaping contemporary neurosurgical practice. Results: Early civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Incas performed trepanation for therapeutic, traumatic, and ritualistic purposes, demonstrating surprising procedural sophistication and postoperative survival. During the Renaissance and subsequent military conflicts, including World Wars I and II, the Korean War, Vietnam War, and recent Middle Eastern conflicts, craniotomy techniques rapidly advanced due to the urgent demands of combat-related neurotrauma. Innovations including standardized debridement techniques, mobile neurosurgical units, rapid evacuation systems, neuroimaging, minimally invasive procedures, and robotic-assisted surgery significantly improved survival and neurological outcomes. Modern military neurosurgery additionally recognizes the importance of integrating psychological and rehabilitative care alongside surgical intervention. Conclusions: The evolution of craniotomies reflects the continuous interaction between warfare, technological progress, and medical innovation. Although modern neurosurgery has achieved remarkable precision and improved outcomes, ongoing ethical and logistical challenges remain, particularly in military settings. Understanding the historical development of craniotomies highlights both the resilience of surgical innovation and the enduring pursuit of improved care for patients with traumatic brain injury. © The authors © Elsevier BV.
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Sustainable Development and Religious Discourse: A Qualitative Media Framing Analysis of the Karnataka Hijab Issue
(University of Nigeria Department of Mass Communication, 2026)
Ranjan, Rajesh
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Venkata Chary, Sri Ramoju Dr
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Singh, Rashmi
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Tripathi, Saumaya
Background: India’s cultural identity is deeply rooted in its religious pluralism; however, hardened belief systems can occasionally foster sectarian identities that resist inclusive dialogue. Such rigidity often limits intergroup interaction, particularly among the youth. As both a mirror and a shaper of societal attitudes, the media plays a pivotal role in framing religious discourse. The nature of this coverage has direct implications for the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). Objective: This study investigates how religious issues are framed within Indian media discourse, focusing on the Karnataka Hijab controversy. It evaluates whether media coverage advanced exclusive ideological lines or contributed to an inclusive, pluralistic understanding of the event. Methodology: The research utilised a qualitative content analysis of secondary data from two leading Indian newspapers, The Hindu and The Deccan Herald. The analysis focused on identifying framing patterns and the degree to which these reports reflected or exacerbated socio-political tensions. Results: The findings underscore the influential role of the media in disseminating religious discourse and shaping the perceptions of the youth. The results indicate that media representations often reflect the broader socio-political tensions within Indian society, highlighting the challenges of maintaining neutrality in reporting on religious conflicts. Conclusion: This paper offers a critical reflection on the representation of religious discourses during the Karnataka Hijab controversy, which began in December 2021. This event was particularly significant as it unfolded within a secular educational institution—an environment traditionally perceived as neutral and unifying—rather than a religious setting. Unique Contribution: This study contributes to the global discourse on advancing inclusive societies as envisioned in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It provides empirical evidence of how media framing can impact social cohesion and the implementation of SDGrelated educational values. Key Recommendation: Educational institutions should reaffirm their commitment to constitutional secularism and remain insulated from communal influences. Furthermore, academic environments must promote constitutional literacy and ethical media engagement to counter polarisation and reinforce pluralistic values within the education system. ©The authors © University of Nigeria Department of Mass Communication.
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Embedding Sustainable Development Goals in Teacher Preparation: A Phenomenological Study of Quality Education in Indian Primary Teacher Training Colleges
(University of Nigeria Department of Mass Communication, 2026)
Ranjan, Rajesh
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Singh, Rashmi
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Tripathi, Saumya
Abstract Background: The Indian education sector is undergoing rapid transformation as institutions navigate the complexities of funding, accreditation, and national recognition. Primary Teacher Training Colleges (PTTCs) play a pivotal role in advancing national commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 4, which emphasises inclusive, equitable, and high-quality teacher training. Objective: This study explores how tutors conceptualise and interpret quality education within the context of Indian PTTCs. It seeks to understand the alignment between institutional practices and the broader SDG framework. Methodology: Utilising a phenomenological research design, the study captured the lived experiences of tutors across various colleges. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and subjected to thematic analysis to identify core interpretations of educational quality. Results: The findings reveal that tutors perceive educational quality as a multidimensional construct comprising interdependent elements. Key themes emerged regarding the necessity of ontinuous professional development and pedagogical innovation, directly supporting SDG 4.7 (teacher competency) and SDG 8 (professional capacity building). Conclusion: The results demonstrate significant alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which advocates for interdisciplinary training and institutional fortification. These reforms are essential for achieving the targets set out in SDG 4 and SDG 16 regarding effective institutional management. Unique Contribution: This research provides critical insights into the conceptualisation of quality within pre-service teacher education in India. It maps institutional practices against specific SDG targets, including equitable access, effective learning environments, and lifelong learning for educators. Key Recommendation: PTTCs should adopt a multifaceted quality framework that balances quantitative academic metrics with qualitative measures, such as tutor engagement and institutional climate. Aligning internal quality assurance processes with NEP 2020 priorities is necessary to ensure the sustainable development of teacher education in India. ©The authors © University of Nigeria Department of Mass Communication.

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