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    Sports organizations’ duty to protect athletes’ dignity: a universal human rights analysis to comply with the prohibition of non-accidental violence in sports regulations
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-07-19)
    Muñoz, Edgardo  
    ;
    Zatarain, Bernardo
    ;
    Pallares-Yabur, Pedro  
    Modern sports organizations, like the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique and the Fédération Internationale de la Football Association, prohibit different forms of non-accidental violence, including sexual harassment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect. This prohibition relates to a sports organization’s modern duty to protect human rights and dignity during all activities. In practice, however, it is often difficult to determine when a sports organization member’s acts or conduct crosses the line of intrinsic sporting demands to become harassment, physical or psychological abuse, or neglect towards another member. Sports law literature is scarce on this issue. The authors provide a contemporaneous answer to this question revisiting the meaning of human dignity and its relation to the right of freedom from degrading treatment. The authors offer a test to answer the question ¿when an act or conduct reaches the standard of non-accidental violence in the professional sports context? They also apply their proposed test to real-life scenarios of potential non-accidental violence in sports.