Productos académicos

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Language: search.filters.language.EnglishSubject: search.filters.subject.Derecho - Tesis

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    Responsability of states interfering in foreign elections through cyberspace under international law
    (2022)
    Gastélum Lugo, Juan Pablo
    ;
    Gatt Corona, Guillermo A.
    This thesis critically examines the traditional rule for the diplomatic protection of corporations in international law, as established by the International Court of in the Barcelona Traction case, which designates the state of incorporation as the basis for nationality. The author argues that this formalistic criterion is insufficient and often leads to inequitable outcomes, leaving the actual investors—shareholders of a different nationality—without protection. As a more just and realistic alternative, the thesis advocates for the adoption of the "effective control" or "genuine link" principle, which focuses on the nationality of the shareholders who ultimately control the corporation. The analysis traces the evolution of the doctrine, critiques the limitations of the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection, and highlights the widespread adoption of shareholder-based criteria in modern Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). The work concludes that the proliferation of BITs demonstrates a clear trend away from the rigid Barcelona Traction precedent and supports the argument that "effective control" should be recognized as the prevailing standard to ensure genuine and effective protection for foreign direct investment.
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    Ethical Standards in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
    (2022)
    Del Carmen Duarte, Luisa Renata
    ;
    Muñoz López, José Edgardo
    This thesis investigates how minimum ethical standards—such as the prohibition of child labor, labor rights violations, and corruption—can be integrated and enforced within international sales contracts governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Acknowledging that the CISG lacks explicit provisions on ethical production, the author argues that its flexible framework and underlying general principles, particularly those in Articles 7 (good faith, uniformity) and 9 (practices and usages), allow for the incorporation of corporate codes of conduct as binding contractual obligations. The work demonstrates that goods produced in violation of these incorporated standards can be considered "non-conforming" under Article 35 of the CISG, even without physical defects, as their "tainted" origin affects their value and fitness for ordinary or particular purposes. Consequently, a breach of these ethical obligations constitutes a breach of contract, entitling the buyer to the full range of remedies available under the Convention, including contract avoidance for fundamental breach and claims for damages for losses such as reputational harm, thereby positioning the CISG as a potent tool for promoting responsible conduct in global supply chains.