Now showing 1 - 10 of 45
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    Structural Equation Modeling for Analyzing Pro-Environmental Behavior in Switzerland
    <jats:p>Using data from Round 11 of the European Social Survey, covering Switzerland, this article employs Structural Equation Modeling to investigate the associations between psychosocial factors and pro-environmental behavior. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, which integrates subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and attitudes to predict behavioral intentions and actual pro-environmental behaviors. The findings reveal that perceived social norms are strong predictors of pro-environmental behavioral intentions, illustrating the power of expectations from other people on the propensity to act sustainably. However, the effects of attitudes toward the environment and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intention were minimal or unobserved. It indicates that respondents may support environmental and sustainability issues, but this is often not matched by strong intentions to act. Additionally, the perceived control over pro-environmental behavior does not directly affect actual behavior. This suggests that external barriers may prevent individuals from performing sustainable behavior, even if they are motivated. The measurement invariance across gender groups was also examined in the study, which is essential to confirm the equivalence of measurements, and observed differences in latent variables could not be an artifact due to potential measurement bias. The findings suggest that subjective norms and pro-environmental behaviors are more likely to be higher among women, while men scored higher on perceived control. This indicates that women internalize social expectations stronger than men do to act, but for men, they feel able to act, but this confidence does not imply action. This research focuses on the significance of social influences in ecologically friendly action and on the discrepancies between intention and behavior. This study adds to our understanding of the determinants of pro-environmental behavior, providing relevant insights for policymakers to inform more effective interventions that close the gap between awareness and action.</jats:p>
      22
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    New Weak Keys with Parity Patterns in the RC4 Stream Cipher
    (2024)
    Evaristo José Madarro-Capó
    ;
    Carlos Miguel Legón-Pérez
    ;
    ;
    <jats:p>The RC4 cryptographic algorithm is the most extensively studied stream cipher of the past two decades. This extensive research has resulted in numerous publications, many of which identify various vulnerabilities. Although these vulnerabilities do not preclude the correct use of the algorithm, they complicate its practical implementation. In this paper, we present a novel weakness in the RC4 cipher. Our findings indicate that, for input keys exhibiting certain patterns, the parity of the values in the output permutation of the KSA can be determined with high probability from the parity of its position in the output permutation. Furthermore, the use of keys with these specific patterns leads to noticeable distortions in several bytes of the RC4 output.</jats:p>
      14
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    Combined and General Methodologies of Key Space Partition for the Cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers
    (2024)
    Mijail Borges-Quintana
    ;
    Miguel A. Borges-Trenard
    ;
    Osmani Tito-Corrioso
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    ;
    <jats:p>This paper proposes two new methods of key space partitioning for the cryptanalysis of block ciphers. The first one is called combined methodology of key space partition (CoMeKSPar), which allows us to simultaneously set some of the first and last consecutive bits of the key. In this way, the search is performed using the remaining middle bits. CoMeKSPar is a combination of two methods already proposed in the scientific literature, the Borges, Borges, Monier (BBM) and the Tito, Borges, Borges (TBB). The second method is called the general algorithm of key space reduction (GAKSRed), which makes it possible to perform a genetic algorithm search in the space formed by the unknown bits of the key, regardless of their distribution in the binary block. Furthermore, a method of attacking block ciphers is presented for the case where some key bits are known; the basic idea is to deduce some of the remaining bits of the block. An advantage of these methods is that they allow parallel computing, which allows simultaneous searches in different sub-blocks of key bits, thereby increasing the probability of success. The experiments are performed with the KLEIN (Small) lightweight block cipher using the genetic algorithm.</jats:p>
      15
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    Selecting an Effective Entropy Estimator for Short Sequences of Bits and Bytes with Maximum Entropy
    (2021)
    Lianet Contreras Rodríguez
    ;
    Evaristo José Madarro-Capó
    ;
    Carlos Miguel Legón-Pérez
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    ;
    <jats:p>Entropy makes it possible to measure the uncertainty about an information source from the distribution of its output symbols. It is known that the maximum Shannon’s entropy of a discrete source of information is reached when its symbols follow a Uniform distribution. In cryptography, these sources have great applications since they allow for the highest security standards to be reached. In this work, the most effective estimator is selected to estimate entropy in short samples of bytes and bits with maximum entropy. For this, 18 estimators were compared. Results concerning the comparisons published in the literature between these estimators are discussed. The most suitable estimator is determined experimentally, based on its bias, the mean square error short samples of bytes and bits.</jats:p>
      1Scopus© Citations 16  8
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    Generation of the symmetric group Sn2
    (2021)
    Carlos Zequeira Sánchez
    ;
    Evaristo José Madarro Capó
    ;
    <jats:p> In various scenarios today, the generation of random permutations has become an indispensable tool. Since random permutation of dimension [Formula: see text] is a random element of the symmetric group [Formula: see text], it is necessary to have algorithms capable of generating any permutation. This work demonstrates that it is possible to generate the symmetric group [Formula: see text] by shifting the components of a particular matrix representation of each permutation. </jats:p>
      2  4
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      15
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    Conscious Exploration of Alpha-Cuts in the Parametric Solution of the School Bus Routing Problem with Fuzzy Walking Distance
    (2022)
    Eduardo Sánchez-Ansola
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    Ana C. Pérez-Pérez
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    Alejandro Rosete
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    Isis Torres-Pérez
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    <jats:p>Combinatorial optimization problems allow for modeling multiple situations in which proper allocation of resources is needed. For some real-world problems, the use of fuzzy elements in the models allows for incorporating certain levels of uncertainty to better approximate such real-world situations. One way to solve combinatorial optimization problems with fuzzy elements is the parametric approach, where it is necessary to define how to explore different relaxation levels using alpha-cuts. Researchers tend to select such alpha-cuts uniformly. The current investigation proposes a novel strategy for selecting alpha-cuts in the School Bus Routing Problem with fuzzy students’ maximum walking distance. This proposal bases its foundations on the number of student-bus stop pairs available according to the different levels of relaxations allowed. Results demonstrate how the proposed strategy gives attractive solutions with more diverse trade-offs, contrasted with other methods in the literature. Furthermore, it decreases the computational cost for those instances where the maximum relaxation does not provide new pairs of students-bus stops.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 3  1  8
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    Effectiveness of Some Tests of Spatial Randomness in the Detection of Weak Graphical Passwords in Passpoint
    (2021)
    Joaquín A. Herrera-Macías
    ;
    Lisset Suárez-Plasencia
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    Carlos M. Legón-Pérez
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    Luis R. Piñeiro-Díaz
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    Scopus© Citations 3  2  6
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    Optimization models and techniques applied to transportation problems
    (2024-04-01)
    Calabrese, Bernardo
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    Suarez, Alejandro Rosete
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    Luis Angel Suarez Gonzalez
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    Perez, Ana Camila Pérez
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    Humberto Díaz-pando
      23
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    Bit Independence Criterion Extended to Stream Ciphers
    (2020)
    Evaristo José Madarro-Capó
    ;
    Carlos Miguel Legón-Pérez
    ;
    ; ;
    Raisa Socorro-Llanes
    <jats:p>The bit independence criterion was proposed to evaluate the security of the S-boxes used in block ciphers. This paper proposes an algorithm that extends this criterion to evaluate the degree of independence between the bits of inputs and outputs of the stream ciphers. The effectiveness of the algorithm is experimentally confirmed in two scenarios: random outputs independent of the input, in which it does not detect dependence, and in the RC4 ciphers, where it detects significant dependencies related to some known weaknesses. The complexity of the algorithm is estimated based on the number of inputs l, and the dimensions, n and m, of the inputs and outputs, respectively.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 8  1  6