Alvarez, Clara-Luz
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Preferred name
Alvarez, Clara-Luz
Official Name
Álvarez González de Castilla, Clara Luz
Alternative Name
calvarezg
Main Affiliation
Grupos de Investigación: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) y el Programa Universitario de Estudios de Desarrollo (UNAM), 2022-2023 Experta del Grupo Técnico de Información sobre Infraestructura “Medición de infraestructura: informe final. Grupo Técnico de Expertos en Infraestructura en México”.
Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Democracia, Justicia y Sociedad (PUEDJS) (UNAM), desde 2021 a la fecha Grupo de académicas expertas de distintos proyectos de Tlatelolco Lab.
Laboratorio de Odio y Concordía del Colegio de México, desde 2020 a la fecha Miembro del Consejo Académico.
Presidencia de la República, UNESCO y La Unión Europea, 2020-2021 Integrante del Equipo Nacional para el Diseño de Políticas Públicas para el Fortalecimiento de las Radios Indígenas y Comunitarias de México y la Inclusión de Contenidos Indígenas en Medios Públicos y Comerciales Co-coordinadora del Grupo 1 del Equipo Nacional.
ORCID
Scopus Author ID
57144519100
Researcher ID
IUB-6837-2023

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Publication

Regulatory State and Judicial Decisions in Telecommunications in Mexico

2018 , Alvarez, Clara Luz

Purpose: To assess the role of the judiciary in defining the Regulatory State and in regulating telecommunications in Mexico after almost 5 years of the creation of an independent regulator for telecommunications and broadcasting (Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones) with authority in antitrust matters. Methodology/approach/design: To identify the most relevant judicial decisions in telecommunications and antitrust matters, research upon the context in which they were adopted, analyze the content of the decisions and identify the impact of such judicial decisions in the construction of the Mexican Regulatory State, and in the law, in regulation/acts of the regulator. Findings : The main findings are that: (1) the Mexican Regulatory State is a reality now, even if it is in its beginnings; (2) Congress is receptive to Judiciary´s decisions; and (3) deference by judiciary to the regulator is not a blank check, even if there are complex technical issues and a discretionary decision. Practical implications : The identification of a Regulatory State in Mexico evidences that there are deep changes in the traditional relationship between Congress and regulators. Also, the deference granted by the courts to regulators must be considered as a consequence of such Regulatory State. Nonetheless and despite the deference to regulators, Judiciary´s role in building the telecommunications and broadcasting sector is paramount, because judicial decisions ultimately define it. Originality/value : Major changes to telecommunications and broadcasting have taken place in Mexico in the last years. Therefore, there has been scarce research and analysis about the new role of regulators, legislators, and judges, in the so called Regulatory State in Mexico. Moreover, the experience of Mexico may be valuable for other scholars which are assessing public policy in their own Latin American countries or in countries with similarities to them. © Universidade de Brasilia. All rights reserved.

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Publication

Rethinking Must-Carry and Retransmission Consent Regulation in the Digital Era

2020 , Alvarez, Clara Luz

Purpose - The emergence of new technological platforms to access online services and content have transformed the media landscape dramatically. Such transformation requires policymakers to reexamine the decades-old regulations traditionally addressed to broadcasters and telecommunications providers as must-carry and retransmission consent rules. This paper reviews must-carry regulation and case law in the United States of America, Mexico, and France. That is because each one of these countries has offered a variety of justifications for such rules (competition, local content, viewers' rights, diversity). The purpose of this review is to analyze whether or not the original reasons for must-carry regulation are still valid in the digital era. Methodology/approach/design - The research was conducted through document review and analysis of norms and case law from each one of the selected countries (USA, Mexico, and France) based on information collected via academic research. Also, analysis of statistical sources of information was attained to portray the penetration status of telecommunication services over the last decades in order to fully understand the context in which must-carry rules were enacted. Findings - Policymakers should consider other regulatory mechanisms to achieve the original reasons for must-carry rules. The dramatic increase in the variety of devices (e.g., TV, tablet, mobile phones, smart TVs), service and content distributors (e.g., free-to-air TV, cable TV, internet), and service providers (e.g., broadcasters and over-the-top internet providers) strongly suggests a reconsideration of the current approach. Yet any amendment to the current regulation will depend on internet penetration and access to new video distribution platforms in a given geographic area. That is to say, without internet access, free-to-air TV might continue to be an important platform for service and content distribution. Practical implications - Identifying and analyzing the reasons for imposing must-carry rules in connection with the telecommunication services penetration over the past decades, provides the necessary framework to assess the convenience and need to maintain such rules or to introduce changes and identify which modifications must be done to further the objectives pursued in a given country. Originality/value - This research is original insofar as it analyses must-carry rules and case law of three different countries with their own background and objectives. Must-carry rules are being enacted in several countries including in those in Latin America. This paper is useful for both policymakers and researchers to provoke an in-depth analysis as to whether must-carry rules should be enacted, amended or eliminated, based on the specific context and objectives pursued in a given country. © 2020 Universidade de Brasilia. All rights reserved.

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Preponderant agent, what is that?

2015 , Alvarez, Clara-Luz

Purpose ”“ Preponderant agent is a new instrument for preventing and reverting adverse impact in competition due to highly concentrated markets. Therefore, this paper's objective is to present and analyze the preponderant agent concept in Mexico with emphasis on the broadcast sector, the telecommunication regulator decisions and the courts' interpretation. Methodology/approach/design ”“ The objectives were achieved by researching and analyzing the main legal documents, the Congress reports and debates, the regulator's decisions and other relevant regulator's documents, as well as final decisions by the courts in connection with broadcast sector.

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Audiencias infantiles en televisión abierta

2020 , Alvarez, Clara Luz

A pesar de la existencia de múltiples plataformas tecnológicas para acceder a contenidos audiovisuales, la televisión abierta continúa teniendo una fuerte presencia en los hogares y es consumida diariamente por la niñez. Las audiencias infantiles en televisión abierta necesitan ser protegidas a través del establecimiento de franjas de horarios en los cuales sólo deben permitirse contenidos apropiados a los diferentes grupos etarios. Las franjas de horarios deben permanecer mientras no existan controles parentales para la televisión abierta que estén generalmente disponibles para la población. Casos judiciales mexicanos muestran la dificultad de reivindicar los derechos de las audiencias infantiles y de que se observe el principio del interés superior de la niñez.

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Tribunales especializados en competencia y telecomunicaciones: por qué, para qué y cómo

2021 , Alvarez, Clara-Luz

Ante una creciente tendencia a crear tribunales especializados, deben evaluarse las ventajas y desventajas de la especialización judicial en el contexto en el que se han creado tribunales en específicos. Este artículo se enfoca en los Tribunales de Competencia y Telecomunicaciones creados por mandato constitucional en la República Mexicana, para analizarlos con base en las tradicionales virtudes y motivos para la justicia especializada (p. ej. eficiencia, calidad, uniformidad, apoyar una ideología). Para ello se exponen las diferentes posturas y argumentos en cuanto a la creación de tribunales especializados, los criterios que favorecen la especialización, los tipos de especialización y los grados que pueden existir, el cuestionamiento de si los tribunales especializados surgen como un fin en si mismo o si más bien son una consecuencia de otra finalidad. Se presenta también la parte doctrinaria del proceso de selección de jueces y cómo se ha materializado en los Tribunales de Competencia y Telecomunicaciones, aportando ideas para mejorarlo. ©2021 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas.

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Publication

The Content of the Right to Internet Access

2023 , Alvarez, Clara Luz , Soberanes-Díez, José-María

[Purpose] Having internet access is essential for the full enjoyment of many human rights. Therefore, this Article aims to determine the minimum essential content of the right to the internet in order to both understand the extent to which it deserves protection and to verify compliance with the obligations it entails. We describe the evolving nature of internet and broadband access due to technological developments and social needs. We also present the different positions regarding internet access as a human right or not, as well as how this right is acknowledged in the Mexican Constitution. [Methodology/Approach/Design] The methodology was the review and analysis of norms, case law, academic and public policy documents, as well as references to relevant statistical data. The scope of the paper is framed in the discussion of fundamental and human rights. [Findings] The right to internet access has both a negative dimension and a positive one. The negative dimension consists of a State obligation not to limit or restrict the right to internet access. The positive dimension must be determined using the economic, social, and cultural rights standard of the four As, namely, availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability. Finally, we propose the minimum essential content of the right to internet access on those four characteristics. [Practical Implications] - This Article provides arguments and bases for the minimum essential content of the right to internet access and broadband which are relevant for policymakers, judicial decisions, and civil society. Also, the academic debate is and will be open on the subject matter of this paper insofar as the evolutionary nature of technology, demands a constant review and update of the minimum essential content of the right. [Originality/Value] There is currently no literature regarding what a right to internet access and broadband would include as obligations to States and other parties.

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