López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos
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López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos
Official Name
López Pimentel, Juan Carlos
Alternative Name
clopezp
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ORCID
Scopus Author ID
57221468168
Researcher ID
T-3594-2018

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Distributed software architecture for accessing the NFT-Vehicle

2024 , López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos , Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales , Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina , José Alberto Del Puerto-Flores

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An SHA-3 Hardware Architecture against Failures Based on Hamming Codes and Triple Modular Redundancy

2022 , Alan Torres-Alvarado , Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales , Ignacio Algredo-Badillo , Francisco López-Huerta , Mariana Lobato-Báez , López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos

Cryptography has become one of the vital disciplines for information technology such as IoT (Internet Of Things), IIoT (Industrial Internet Of Things), I4.0 (Industry 4.0), and automotive applications. Some fundamental characteristics required for these applications are confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation, which can be achieved using hash functions. A cryptographic hash function that provides a higher level of security is SHA-3. However, in real and modern applications, hardware implementations based on FPGA for hash functions are prone to errors due to noise and radiation since a change in the state of a bit can trigger a completely different hash output than the expected one, due to the avalanche effect or diffusion, meaning that modifying a single bit changes most of the desired bits of the hash; thus, it is vital to detect and correct any error during the algorithm execution. Current hardware solutions mainly seek to detect errors but not correct them (e.g., using parity checking or scrambling). To the best of our knowledge, there are no solutions that detect and correct errors for SHA-3 hardware implementations. This article presents the design and a comparative analysis of four FPGA architectures: two without fault tolerance and two with fault tolerance, which employ Hamming Codes to detect and correct faults for SHA-3 using an Encoder and a Decoder at the step-mapping functions level. Results show that the two hardware architectures with fault tolerance can detect up to a maximum of 120 and 240 errors, respectively, for every run of KECCAK-p, which is considered the worst case. Additionally, the paper provides a comparative analysis of these architectures with other works in the literature in terms of experimental results such as frequency, resources, throughput, and efficiency.

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A Cloud Microservices Architecture for Data Integrity Verifiability Based on Blockchain

2022 , López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos , Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales , Ignacio Algredo-Badillo

The current digital age, mainly characterized by an economy based upon information technology, demands a data integrity service, even more so because organizations and companies are migrating their services over the cloud. This is not a simple task; it is cumbersome since traditional schemes in databases could be subject to modifications. However, it can be solved using blockchain technology. This paper provides a data integrity verifiability architecture for cloud systems based on blockchain. The architecture provides a mechanism to store events (as logs) within a blockchain platform from any cloud system. Users can then consult data integrity through a microservice, acting as an intermediate server that carries out a set of verification steps within the blockchain, which confirms the integrity of a previously stored log. Our architecture takes advantage of the blockchain strength concerning integrity, providing a traceability track of the stored logs. A prototype system and a case study were implemented based on the proposed architecture. Our experimental results show that the proposed decentralized architecture can be adapted to cloud existing systems that were born without blockchain technology and require a modular and scalable audit characteristic.

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RootLogChain: Registering Log-Events in a Blockchain for Audit Issues from the Creation of the Root

2021 , López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos , Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales , Raúl Monroy

Logging system activities are required to provide credibility and confidence in the systems used by an organization. Logs in computer systems must be secured from the root user so that they are true and fair. This paper introduces RootLogChain, a blockchain-based audit mechanism that is built upon a security protocol to create both a root user in a blockchain network and the first log; from there, all root events are stored as logs within a standard blockchain mechanism. RootLogChain provides security constructs so as to be deployed in a distributed context over a hostile environment, such as the internet. We have developed a prototype based on a microservice architecture, validating it by executing different stress proofs in two scenarios: one with compliant agents and the other without. In such scenarios, several compliant and non-compliant agents try to become a root and register the events within the blockchain. Non-compliant agents simulate eavesdropper entities that do not follow the rules of the protocol. Our experiments show that the mechanism guarantees the creation of one and only one root user, integrity, and authenticity of the transactions; it also stores all events generated by the root within a blockchain. In addition, for audit issues, the traceability of the transaction logs can be consulted by the root.

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Trade-Off Analysis of Hardware Architectures for Channel-Quality Classification Models

2022 , Alan Torres-Alvarado , Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales , Ignacio Algredo-Badillo , Francisco López-Huerta , Mariana Lobato-Baez , López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos

The latest generation of communication networks, such as SDVN (Software-defined vehicular network) and VANETs (Vehicular ad-hoc networks), should evaluate their communication channels to adapt their behavior. The quality of the communication in data networks depends on the behavior of the transmission channel selected to send the information. Transmission channels can be affected by diverse problems ranging from physical phenomena (e.g., weather, cosmic rays) to interference or faults inherent to data spectra. In particular, if the channel has a good transmission quality, we might maximize the bandwidth use. Otherwise, although fault-tolerant schemes degrade the transmission speed by solving errors or failures should be included, these schemes spend more energy and are slower due to requesting lost packets (recovery). In this sense, one of the open problems in communications is how to design and implement an efficient and low-power-consumption mechanism capable of sensing the quality of the channel and automatically making the adjustments to select the channel over which transmit. In this work, we present a trade-off analysis based on hardware implementation to identify if a channel has a low or high quality, implementing four machine learning algorithms: Decision Trees, Multi-Layer Perceptron, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machines. We obtained the best trade-off with an accuracy of 95.01% and efficiency of 9.83 Mbps/LUT (LookUp Table) with a hardware implementation of a Decision Tree algorithm with a depth of five.

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NFT-Vehicle: A Blockchain-Based Tokenization Architecture to Register Transactions over a Vehicle’s Life Cycle

2023 , López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos , Luis Alberto Morales-Rosales , Ignacio Algredo-Badillo , Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina

The sale of second-hand vehicles is a popular trade worldwide, and vehicle fraud is currently a common issue, mainly because buyers can lack a complete view of the historical transactions related to their new acquisition. This work presents a distributed architecture for stakeholders to register transactions over a vehicle’s life cycle in a blockchain network. The architecture involves a non-fungible token (NFT) linked to a physical motorized vehicle after a tokenization process, which denote as the NFT-Vehicle. The NFT-Vehicle is a hierarchical smart contract designed using an object-oriented paradigm and a modified version of the ERC721 standard. Every stakeholder engages with the NFT-Vehicle through distinct methods embedded within a smart contract. These methods represent internal protocols meticulously formulated and validated based on a finite-state machine (FSM) model. We implemented our design as a proof of concept using a platform based on Ethereum and a smart contract in the Solidity programming language. We carried out two types of proof: (a) validations, following the FSM model to ensure that the smart contract remained in a consistent state, and (b) proofs, to achieve certainty regarding the amount of ETH that could be spent in the life cycle of a vehicle. The results of the tests showed that the total transaction cost for each car throughout its life cycle did not represent an excessive cost considering the advantages that the system could offer to prevent fraud.

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