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High-Dimensional Feature Selection for Automatic Classification of Coronary Stenosis Using an Evolutionary Algorithm

2024 , Gil-Rios, Miguel-Angel , Cruz-Aceves, Ivan , Hernandez-Aguirre, Arturo , Moya-Albor, Ernesto , Brieva, Jorge , Hernandez-Gonzalez, Martha-Alicia , Solorio-Meza, Sergio-Eduardo

In this paper, a novel strategy to perform high-dimensional feature selection using an evolutionary algorithm for the automatic classification of coronary stenosis is introduced. The method involves a feature extraction stage to form a bank of 473 features considering different types such as intensity, texture and shape. The feature selection task is carried out on a high-dimensional feature bank, where the search space is denoted by O(2𝑛) and 𝑛=473. The proposed evolutionary search strategy was compared in terms of the Jaccard coefficient and accuracy classification with different state-of-the-art methods. The highest feature selection rate, along with the best classification performance, was obtained with a subset of four features, representing a 99%99% discrimination rate. In the last stage, the feature subset was used as input to train a support vector machine using an independent testing set. The classification of coronary stenosis cases involves a binary classification type by considering positive and negative classes. The highest classification performance was obtained with the four-feature subset in terms of accuracy (0.86)(0.86) and Jaccard coefficient (0.75)(0.75) metrics. In addition, a second dataset containing 2788 instances was formed from a public image database, obtaining an accuracy of 0.890.89 and a Jaccard Coefficient of 0.800.80. Finally, based on the performance achieved with the four-feature subset, they can be suitable for use in a clinical decision support system. ©© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. MDPI

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Secure medical image encryption approach based on Langton's ant and jigsaw transform

2021 , Moya-Albor, Ernesto , Romero Arellano, Andrés Gabriel , Brieva, Jorge , Cruz-Aceves, Ivan , Avina-Cervantes, Juan G. , Hernández González, Martha A. , López Montero, Luis M.

In this work, we propose a medical image encryption method. It is based on the Jigsaw transform, cyclic permutations, and a deterministic noise approach to hide visual information in the images. On the other hand, Langton's ant is used to encrypt the images. The method proposed was tested on fundus retinal photographs. The robustness of our algorithm has been proven through several testing, such as statistical analysis (histograms and correlation distributions), visual testing, entropy testing, and keyspace assessment, showing in each one a high-security level. © 2021 SPIE.

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Image Encryption and Decryption System through a Hybrid Approach Using the Jigsaw Transform and Langton’s Ant Applied to Retinal Fundus Images

2021 , Romero Arellano, Andrés Gabriel , Moya-Albor, Ernesto , Brieva, Jorge , Cruz-Aceves, Ivan , Avina-Cervantes, Juan Gabriel , Hernandez-Gonzalez, Martha Alicia , Lopez-Montero, Luis Miguel

In this work, a new medical image encryption/decryption algorithm was proposed. It is based on three main parts: the Jigsaw transform, Langton’s ant, and a novel way to add deterministic noise. The Jigsaw transform was used to hide visual information effectively, whereas Langton’s ant and the deterministic noise algorithm give a reliable and secure approach. As a case study, the proposal was applied to high-resolution retinal fundus images, where a zero mean square error was obtained between the original and decrypted image. The method performance has been proven through several testing methods, such as statistical analysis (histograms and correlation distributions), entropy computation, keyspace assessment, robustness to differential attack, and key sensitivity analysis, showing in each one a high security level. In addition, the method was compared against other works showing a competitive performance and highlighting with a large keyspace (>1×101,134,190.38). Besides, the method has demonstrated adequate handling of high-resolution images, obtaining entropy values between 7.999988 and 7.999989, an average Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR) of 99.5796%±0.000674, and a mean Uniform Average Change Intensity (UACI) of 33.4469%±0.00229. In addition, when there is a small change in the key, the method does not give additional information to decrypt the image. ©2021 Axioms, MDPI.

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Automatic classification of coronary stenosis using convolutional neural networks and simulated annealing

2022 , Rendon-Aguilar, Luis Diego , Cruz-Aceves, Ivan , Fernandez-Jaramillo, Arturo Alfonso , Moya-Albor, Ernesto , Brieva, Jorge , Ponce, Hiram

Automatic detection of coronary stenosis plays an essential role in systems that perform computer-aided diagnosis in cardiology. Coronary stenosis is a narrowing of the coronary arteries caused by plaque that reduces the blood flow to the heart. Automatic classification of coronary stenosis images has been re-cently addressed using deep and machine learning techniques. Generally, the machine learning methods form a bank of empirical and automatic features from the angiographic images. In the present work, a novel method for the automatic classification of coronary stenosis X-ray images is presented. The method is based on convolutional neural networks, where the neural architecture search is performed by using the path-based metaheuristics of simulated annealing. To perform the neural architecture search, the maximization of the F1-score metric is used as the fitness function. The automatically generated convolutional neural network was compared with three deep learning methods in terms of the accuracy and F1-score metrics using a testing set of images obtaining 0.88 and 0.89, respectively. In addition, the proposed method was evaluated with different sets of coronary stenosis images obtained via data augmentation. The results involving a number of different instances have shown that the proposed architecture is robust preserving the efficiency with different datasets © 2023 Şaban öztürk. All rights reserved.

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Authentication of medical images through a hybrid watermarking method based on Hermite-Jigsaw-SVD

2023 , Gomez-Coronel, Sandra L. , Moya-Albor, Ernesto , Pérez-Daniel, Karina Ruby , Brieva, Jorge , Cruz-Aceves, Ivan , Hernandez-Aguirre, Arturo , Soto-Alvarez, Jose Alfredo

This work presents a watermarking algorithm applied to medical images by using the Steered Hermite Transform (SHT), the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and the Jigsaw transform (JS). The principal objective is to protect the patient's information using imperceptible watermarking and preserve its diagnosis. Thus, the watermark imperceptibility is achieved using the high-order Steered Hermite coefficients, whereas the SVD decomposition and the JS ensure the watermark against attacks. We use the medicine symbol Caduceus as a watermark. The metrics employed to evaluate the algorithm's performance are the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), the Mean Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM), and the Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC). The evaluation metrics over the watermarked image show that it does not suffer quantitative and qualitative changes, and the extracted watermark was recovered successfully with high PSNR values. In addition, several watermark extraction tests were performed against geometric and common processing attacks. These tests show that the proposed algorithm is robust under critical conditions of attacks, for example, against nonlinear smoothing (median filter), high noise addition (Gaussian and Salt & Pepper noise), high compression rates (JPEG compression), rotation between 0 to 180 degree, and translations up to 100 pixels.

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Modeling of the major temporal arcade using genetic algorithms and orthogonal polynomials

2023 , Soto-Alvarez, Jose Alfredo , Cruz-Aceves, Ivan , Hernandez-Aguirre, Arturo , Hernandez-Gonzalez, Martha Alicia , Lopez-Montero, Luis Miguel , Moya-Albor, Ernesto , Brieva, Jorge , Gomez-Coronel, Sandra L. , Pérez-Daniel, Karina Ruby

Nowadays eye diseases that are not treated in a timely manner can lead to blindness in the patient. Diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity are a couple of conditions considered to be the main causes of blindness in both adults and children. The technique used to date to verify the status of the retina is a qualitative analysis by an ophthalmological expert of fundus images. However, this is entirely based on the experience acquired by the physician and being able to detect changes in the vascular structure of the retina is a great challenge which can be addressed through technology. This paper presents a novel method to carry out the numerical modeling of the major temporal arcade using orthogonal polynomials of Legendre, Chebyshev and Laguerre through a genetic algorithm that helps to determine the coefficients of the linear combination of each one. A set of twenty fundus images already outlined by an expert was used, which were processed by the algorithm, generating an adjustment curve on the set of pixels of the Major Temporal Arcade. The results obtained were compared with three existing methodologies in the literature by using two metrics, emerging the Legendre polynomials as the most suitable for modeling, as a consequence of the low values obtained in the metrics compared to the other methods. © 2023 SPIE.