Scalzo, Germán

Main Affiliation

Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales - CampCM

Preferred name

Scalzo, Germán

Official Name

Scalzo Molina, Germán Roberto

ORCID

0000-0003-4176-793X

Researcher ID

FQV-2175-2022

Scopus Author ID

57189442501

Now showing 1 - 10 of 55

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Justice, Identity, and Practical Reasonability in Stakeholder Theory: A Neo-Aristotelian Approach
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-08-03)
Pinto-Garay, Javier
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Scalzo, Germán
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Robson, Gregory
;
Sikorski, John
This article explores a Neo-Aristotelian approach to stakeholder theory grounded in the virtue of justice and the concept of the common good. While mainstream stakeholder theory integrates normative and instrumental dimensions, it faces persistent conceptual challenges—particularly concerning stakeholder identity and the lack of principled criteria for distinguishing between stakeholder types, their normative claims on a firm, and their relative importance. In response, this article takes a virtue ethical approach that proposes the virtue of justice as the key epistemological and moral foundation for stakeholder identification and corporate responsibility. In particular, it redefines stakeholder classification based on the different parts of justice, namely, distributive justice for organizational stakeholders, commutative justice for commercial stakeholders, and political justice for civic or public stakeholders. Finally, the article addresses the challenge of reasonability in stakeholder theory by showing how Aristotelian rhetorical knowledge—based on shared narratives and endoxa—connects philosophical principles with actual business practices. This justice-based framework enhances the moral coherence and practical applicability of stakeholder theory, enabling firms to navigate ethical complexity while contributing meaningfully to the development of persons, organizations, and society at large. © The Author(s) 2026.
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The role of empathy in shared intentionality: Contributions from Inter-Processual Self theory
(2023)
Luis, Elkin O.
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Martínez, Martín
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Akrivou, Kleio
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Scalzo, Germán
;
Aoiz, Martín
Research in psychology related to the conceptualization of empathy has been on the rise in the last decades. However, we argue that there is still space for further research to help capture the important notion of empathy and its theoretical and conceptual depth. Following a critical review of the current state of the research that conceptualizes and measures empathy, we focus on works that highlight the importance of a shared vision and its relevance in psychology and neuroscience. Considering the state of the art of current neuroscientific and psychological approaches to empathy, we argue for the relevance of shared intention and shared vision in empathy-related actions. Upon review of different models that emphasize a shared vision for informing research on empathy, we suggest that a newly developed theory of self, human growth and action–the so-called Inter-Processual Self theory (IPS)–can significantly and novelly inform the theorization on empathy beyond what the literature has stated to date. Then, we show how an understanding of integrity as a relational act that requires empathy is an essential mechanism for current key research on empathy and its related concepts and models. Ultimately, we aim to present IPS as a distinctive proposal to expand upon the conceptualization of empathy. Copyright © 2023 Luis, Martínez, Akrivou, Scalzo, Aoiz and Orón Semper.
Scopus© Citations 6 1 7
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Prudence as part of a worldview: historical and conceptual dimensions
(2016)
Scalzo, Germán
;
Alford, Helen
As Sison (2015, p. 232) remarks, ‘politics’ in Aristotle could mean at least three different things: (1) a kind of life; (2) a qualifier for the virtues of justice and prudence; or (3) a body of knowledge. As a body of knowledge, its object is happiness (eudaimonia), which is the supreme human good. Happiness ‘is not a mere object of knowledge (gnosis) but action (praxis); in particular it consists in “living or doing well” (NE 1095a), in accordance with the proper function of human beings, which is rational activity (NE 1098a)’ (ibid., p. 233). Aristotle puts particular emphasis on the injunctions of practical wisdom: [H]is ideal of a good man must unite two different kind of virtues: practical wisdom (phronēsis), the intellectual virtue necessary for conceiving of the right decisions of the means and ways to carry them out, and (ii) the moral or character virtues (ēthikē aretē), the habitually acquired, appropriate emotional attitudes towards acting and being affected. (Frede, 2013, pp. 126–7). In order to conceptualize prudence – phronēsis – one must distinguish it from other forms of excellence that reason might acquire according to its different activities. Aristotle identifies three kinds of human activity (energeia) (NE, 1178b): contemplation (theõria), action (praxis) and production (poiēsis), each governed by a different kind of rational excellence (aretē). Thus contemplation is governed by theoretical reason (sophia), action by moral – practical – reason (phronēsis) and production by technical reason (technē) (Murphy, 1993, p. 87). Aristotle does not contrast thought (knowledge) with activity (action), recognizing that all complex human activity is marked by a unity between conception and execution and that, in relation to it, there are three kinds of thought (dianoia) (Metaphysics, II 2 y VII 1): theoretical thought, which speculates on something; practical thought, which works; and productive thought, which makes. ©2016, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
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Three Rival Versions of Work and Technology: Smith, Marx, and MacIntyre in Discussion
(2022)
Pinto-Garay, Javier
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Scalzo, Germán
;
Ferrero, Ignacio
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by the wide introduction of automation in industry, brought about many changes in work and in the possibility of replacing workers with machines that are threatening the future of work. This chapter delves into the conflictive relationship between modern work and technology. We will depart from two main paradigmatic representatives of the eighteenth-century economic approach to work, namely Adam Smith and Karl Marx, mostly considered intellectual antagonists. Besides their differences, we sustain that both failed to give a sustainable and realistic account of the meaning of work and its contribution to individual flourishing and the common good, mainly because of their reductionist anthropological assumptions. Hence, we will analyze their understandings of the work-technology relationship in light of the thought of MacIntyre, a prominent critic of both Marx and Smith. By rehabilitating the idea of a practice, MacIntyre offers a more realistic and robust approach to understanding the way technology might negatively affect work, but also recognizes it as an opportunity for excellence in modern corporations. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. All rights reserved.
1 1Scopus© Citations 2
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Colored heirloom corn as a public good : the case of Tlaxcala, Mexico
(2021)
Velázquez-Salazar, Marisol
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Scalzo, Germán
;
Byker Shanks, Carmen
Valorization of territories with diverse cultures and heritage has multiplied in recent years. This study analyzes the case of colored heirloom corn in Tlaxcala, Mexico, as a potential public good associated with the region’s biocultural heritage. The analysis conducted herein relies on a wide range of literature from relevant theory, including Geographical Indications, Global Value Chains, Community-Based Entrepreneurship, Public Goods, and Sustainable Development, in order to employ case study methodology. We leverage a novel approach to analyze the heirloom corn chain and its publicness. This chain reveals its status as a potential public good that clearly influences biocultural heritage, which has been preserved by several generations. To preserve colored heirloom corn in Tlaxcala, Mexico, a development strategy is needed that links actors and resources, involves the public sector, and furthers expansion of the private sector. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Scopus© Citations 1 1 26
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González, A. M. (2024). Trabajo, sentido y desarrollo. Inflexiones de la cultura moderna. Dykinson. 368 pp.
(Universidad Panamericana, 2024-12-17)
Scalzo, Germán
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Autonomous Self and Inter-Processual Self: Two Ways of Explaining How People “See” and Live Relationships and the Resulting Dialogue Between Science and Faith
(2019)
Orón, José Víctor
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Akrivou, Kleio
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Scalzo, Germán
The relationship between science and faith is not a given, nor is it objectively defined, but rather depends on personal ways of approaching this relationship. Accordingly, it can be lived as a conflict, i.e. as agency striving to master independent and separate domains or as a process of dialogue or an integral relationship. In this chapter, we suggest that adopting one stance or the other depends on factors that go beyond the rational assessment that a person makes of science or faith. To explain the perspective that people adopt, cross-disciplinary theoretical insights relevant to human beings and their development are decisive. Based on previous research consolidating several theoretical proposals across a diverse disciplinary orientation (mainly philosophy, psychology and neuroscience), we suggest that there are two contrasting paradigms for conceiving of the self and human development, namely, the autonomous self (AS) and the inter-processual self (IPS) (Akrivou K, Orón JV: Challenges of capitalism for virtue and the common good: Inter-disciplinary perspectives. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2016). We purport here that, depending on which of these two corresponding backgrounds characterises the person, people will ‘see’ and live the relationship—dialogue between science and faith—differently.© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature.
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From Mary’s Motherhood to the Immaculate Conception: An Iconographic Analysis of Marian Art in Spain during the Tenth to Nineteenth Centuries
(2021)
Moreno Jiménez, Antonio
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Scalzo, Germán
This article analyzes Marian art in Spain from the tenth to nineteenth centuries in order to show how popular piety represented Mary’s motherhood. Through art, including architecture, painting, sculpture, and oral preaching, a popular image of Mary emerged and, in turn, became key for understanding the history of the family in western Catholic countries. Studying the evolution of Marian iconography during this thousand-year period reveals a kind of grandeur, and then a certain crisis, surrounding Mary’s motherhood. This crisis specifically involves the meaning of the body as an effective sign of the personal gift-of-self. We argue that this process ran parallel to growing problems in theological culture related to reconciling the natural and supernatural realms, and we further sustain that it contains a true cultural revolution, a shift that is at the origin of many later transformations. This interpretation helps better understand the dilemmas surrounding the history of the family in the West, and specifically of motherhood, from the point of view of the Christian tradition. © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Scopus© Citations 1 2 10
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Justice and Corporate Excellence
(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025)
Pinto-Garay, Javier
;
Scalzo, Germán
This book offers a systematic overview of major business ethics topics grounded in neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics and New Natural Law. Its broad approach spans philosophical themes to the most applied topics to promote business relations that respond to justice and responsibility. It presents business ethics as a theory of justice and the common good, offering a structured framework that integrates organizational, commercial, and corporate practices, consistently linked to the pursuit of excellence and human flourishing. This book is useful for philosophy professors who teach business and professional ethics courses, as well as graduate and undergraduate students in these courses. It is relevant to researchers interested in the ethical dimensions of business and management practice, especially those that touch on other management areas like strategy, marketing, or human resource management. ©The authors ©Springer.
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Cibernética y racionalidad: Hacia una visión personalista de la empresa
(Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, 2018)
Scalzo, Germán
;
García Álvarez, Santiago
Nuestra contribución se enmarca en la reflexión filosófica de la empresa a través del aporte de una concepción cibernética de la acción humana a la teoría organizacional, en contraposición a la visión racionalista que primó hasta mediados del siglo pasado. La cibernética permite la consideración teórica de elementos dinámicos y teleológicos de la acción, de ahí su cercanía al pensamiento aristotélico. Tras presentar brevemente la conexión que observa el filósofo Leonardo Polo entre estos marcos teóricos, rastrearemos su influencia en la teoría organizacional. Para ello, presentaremos las intuiciones de John von Neumann, a quien, el estudio de la dimensión estratégica de la acción humana (y la incertidumbre que le es propia) le condujo a una encrucijada: la formalización axiomática o la ética. Mientras que la teoría dominante siguió el primer camino (teoría económica de juegos), presentaremos en esta contribución “el camino no tomado”: la propuesta de Juan Antonio Pérez López. Esta teoría, fundamentada en una concepción antropológica realista y robusta, ofrece las ventajas teóricas de concebir a la organización como un “sistema abierto” y al ser humano como un sistema libre, Finalmente, mostraremos cómo esta postura permite superar los reduccionismos en que caen otros enfoques (el mismo Pérez López definía su propuesta como una “abstracción completa”) abogando así por una ampliación de la racionalidad, que recupera la dimensión normativa de las ciencias socia les como intrínsecamente necesaria a su desarrollo, bajo la premisa de que “sin virtudes morales no hay comportamiento racional” © Los autores © Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla

Scalzo, Germán

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