Causal Artificial Intelligence in Legal Language Processing: A Systematic Review

Recent advances in legal language processing have highlighted limitations in correlation-based artificial intelligence approaches, prompting exploration of Causal Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for improved legal reasoning. This systematic review examines the challenges, limitations, and potential impact of Causal AI in legal language processing compared to traditional correlation-based methods. Following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, we analyzed 47 papers from 2017 to 2024 across academic databases, private sector publications, and policy documents, evaluating their contributions through a rigorous scoring framework assessing Causal AI implementation, legal relevance, interpretation capabilities, and methodological quality. Our findings reveal that while Causal AI frameworks demonstrate superior capability in capturing legal reasoning compared to correlation-based methods, significant challenges remain in handling legal uncertainty, computational scalability, and potential algorithmic bias. The scarcity of comprehensive real-world implementations and overemphasis on transformer architectures without causal reasoning capabilities represent critical gaps in current research. Future development requires balanced integration of AI innovation with law’s narrative functions, particularly focusing on scalable architectures for maintaining causal coherence while preserving interpretability in legal analysis. ©The authors ©Entropy ©MDPI.

Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- General Discussion and Synthesis -- Conclusions -- Author Contributions -- Funding -- Data Availability Statement -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interest -- References.