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Inertia in Converter-Dominated Microgrids: Control Strategies and Estimation Techniques
(MDPI AG, 2025-10-14)
Fabio A. González
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Johnny Posada
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Bruno W. França
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<jats:p>This scoping review analyzes the role of inertia in converter-dominated microgrids, with an emphasis on hybrid AC/DC architectures. Following the PRISMA-ScR methodology, 54 studies published between 2015 and 2025 were identified, screened, and synthesized. The review addresses two key aspects, inertia estimation methods and control strategies for emulating inertia via power converters, emphasizing the role of the interlinking converter (ILC) as a bidirectional interface for inertia support between the AC and DC subsystems. This work addresses several limitations of prior reviews: their narrow scope, often overlooking advanced data-driven approaches such as machine learning; the lack of systematic classifications, hindering a comprehensive overview of existing methods; and the absence of practical guidance on selecting appropriate techniques for specific conditions. The findings show that conventional estimation methods are insufficient for low-inertia grids, necessitating adaptive and data-driven approaches. Virtual inertia emulation strategies—such as Virtual Synchronous Machines, Virtual Synchronous Generators, Synchronverters, and ILC-based controls—offer strong potential to enhance frequency stability but remain challenged by scalability, adaptability, and robustness. The review highlights critical research gaps and future directions to guide the development of resilient hybrid microgrid control strategies.</jats:p>
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Comparative Analysis of Efficiency and Harmonic Generation in Multiport Converters: Study of Two Operating Conditions
(MDPI AG, 2025-10-02)
Francisco J. Arizaga
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Juan M. Ramírez
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Janeth A. Alcalá
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Armando G. Rojas-Hernández
<jats:p>This study presents a comparative analysis of efficiency and harmonic generation in Triple Active Bridge (TAB) converters under two operating configurations: Case I, with one input source and two loads, and Case II, with two input sources and one load. Two modulation strategies, Single-Phase Shift (SPS) and Dual-Phase Shift (DPS), are evaluated through frequency-domain modeling and simulations performed in MATLAB/Simulink. The analysis is complemented by experimental validation on a laboratory prototype. The results show that DPS reduces harmonic amplitudes, decreases conduction losses, and improves output waveform quality, leading to higher efficiency compared to SPS. Harmonic current spectra and total harmonic distortion (THD) are analyzed to quantify the impact of each modulation method. The findings highlight that DPS is more suitable for applications requiring stable power transfer and improved efficiency, such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and multi-source DC microgrids.</jats:p>
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Three-Phase Space Vector PWM Inverter for Induction Motor Drive with Leakage Current Reduction
(MDPI AG, 2025-10-20)
Gerardo Vazquez-Guzman
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Panfilo R. Martinez-Rodriguez
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Emmanuel Rivera-Perez
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Juan A. Verdin-Cruz
<jats:p>Several industrial applications rely on induction motors to carry out processes essential for product manufacturing. Speed control of an induction motor commonly requires a pulse width modulated inverter capable of driving a system with long cables, suppression of common mode voltage, reduction in common mode current, and suppression of electromagnetic interference. This paper proposes a three-phase motor drive aimed at maintaining a constant common-mode voltage. The proposed system consists of two three-phase conventional full bridge inverters connected in parallel and having as an input two separate direct current sources. The proposed system is controlled by using the space vector pulse width modulation technique. By properly designing the switching signal sequences for both converters, the common-mode voltage can be maintained constant, thereby reducing the associated common-mode current to an RMS value of 92.3 mA and enhancing the overall reliability of the system. The proposed system is validated through numerical simulations and by the implementation of an experimental prototype.</jats:p>
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Control Algorithm for an Inverter-Based Virtual Synchronous Generator with Adjustable Inertia
(MDPI AG, 2025-09-05)
Christian A. Villada-Leon
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Johnny Posada Contreras
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Rafael A. Núñez-Rodríguez
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Juan C. Valencia
<jats:p>This paper presents the design and implementation of a control algorithm for power converters in a microgrid, with the main objective of providing the flexibility to adjust the system inertia. The increasing integration of renewable energy sources in microgrids has driven the development of advanced control techniques to ensure stability and power quality. The proposed algorithm combines droop control, synchronverter dynamics, and virtual impedance to achieve a robust and efficient control strategy. Simulations were conducted to validate the algorithm’s performance, demonstrating its capability to maintain voltage within acceptable limits and improve the inertial response of the microgrid. The results contribute to the advancement of intelligent and resilient microgrid development, which is essential for the transition towards a more sustainable energy system.</jats:p>
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Improved Operation of the Modified Non-Inverting Step-Down/Up (MNI-SDU) DC-DC Converter
(MDPI AG, 2025-09-20)
Juan A. Villanueva-Loredo
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Panfilo R. Martinez-Rodriguez
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Christopher J. Rodriguez-Cortes
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Diego Langarica-Cordoba
<jats:p>This paper presents an enhanced operation strategy for a recently proposed converter called Modified Non-Inverting Step-Down/Up (MNI-SDU) DC-DC converter intended for battery voltage regulation. Unlike the conventional approach, where both switching stages share a single duty cycle, the proposed method controls asynchronously the two duty cycles through a fixed time offset to optimize performance. A methodology is developed to define suitable duty cycle ranges that ensure proper converter operation according to input/output voltage specifications, while simultaneously reducing the current and voltage ripples and electrical stress in the capacitor and semiconductors. Furthermore, a model-based control strategy is proposed, taking into account the enhanced operational characteristics. Consequently, a PI-PI current-mode controller is designed using loop shaping techniques to maintain the output voltage regulated at the desired level. The proposed approach is analyzed mathematically and validated through experimental results. The findings demonstrate that optimizing through asynchronous duty-cycle control with a fixed time offset improves ripple, stress values, and overall efficiency, while maintaining robust output voltage regulation, making this method well-suited for applications requiring compact and reliable power conversion.</jats:p>
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Ripple‐Free Input Current Quadratic Converter Based on Watkin–Johnson Topology
(Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), 2025-01)
Brenda Lizeth Reyes‐García
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Pedro Martín García‐Vite
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Marco Antonio Coronel‐García
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This article proposes a power electronics converter capable of providing high voltage gain while keeping a high‐quality input current ripple operating with low duty cycle. The technique for achieving the zero input current ripple at a selected duty cycle consists of extracting two inductor currents from the source in a counter‐phase manner. The technique is similar to those employed in interleaved converters, maintaining the high voltage gain. The quadratic‐type voltage gain makes the proposed converter suitable for low‐voltage renewable energy sources, such as PV panel generation. Another important topology feature is the common reference to the output voltage; that is, the load and source share the negative terminals. The high voltage gain is achieved by cascading two particular power cells. On the input side, a modified buck‐boost converter is connected, while the second stage consists of an H‐bridge based on the Watkin–Johnson topology. The H‐bridge configuration consists of two capacitors, one inductor, and a pair of transistors and diodes to control the voltage gain, which provides polarity selection flexibility. This paper includes the mathematical development in continuous conduction mode operation, providing design guidelines. Besides, two commutation techniques are proposed to obtain direct or inverse polarity. The modeling is validated via simulation, and an experimental lab‐scale corroborates its performance. The validation includes open‐loop performance, demonstrating low input current ripple, and a closed‐loop configuration that confirms proper output voltage regulation.
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Failure mode and effects analysis and sensitivity analysis for a neutral point re-injection multi-pulse voltage source converter
(Elsevier BV, 2025-09)
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F. Beltran-Carbajal
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R. Tapia-Olvera
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Sensitivity Analysis plays a crucial role in the design, control, and optimization of multi-pulse Voltage Source Converters. It helps engineers assess how variations in parameters influence system performance, enabling the development of more efficient and robust converters. This study presents some Failure Modes and Effects Analysis that intends to identify the most affected components when a gate disconnection failure occurs, making them critical points for stress management. Additionally, the most vulnerable components when gates remain connected to high value are distinguished. Verifying the voltage output shape, it can be noticed that RMS voltage measurements are not a reliable indicator for tracking failure, whereas THD offers a more effective solution. Understanding these failure modes is essential for refining the design and control strategies of electronic converters, particularly in applications such as motor control and StatCom. Sensitivity analysis also strengthens control algorithms, ensuring that they can effectively accommodate parameter fluctuations while aiding in fault diagnosis and failure prediction. The early detection of switch malfunctions in power converters is essential for maintaining system reliability, safety, performance, and cost efficiency. Timely identification allows for proactive maintenance, preventing extensive damage and ensuring continuous operation. As the converters become increasingly integral to various applications, implementing reliable fault detection mechanisms is essential for sustaining their optimal performance and long-term functionality.
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Optimized energy conversion in fuel cells using the 2P6O converter with small inductors and capacitors
(Elsevier BV, 2025-03)
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Jesus E. Valdez-Resendiz
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Victor M. Sanchez
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Alma Rodriguez
Renewable energy sources are critical to addressing global energy challenges, offering sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Among these, fuel cells are gaining attention with applications spanning transportation, stationary power, and portable devices. Power electronics play a vital role in enabling the integration of fuel cells into practical systems. Specifically, DC-DC converters are indispensable for transforming energy, regulating voltage levels, and optimizing the performance of the systems. This paper presents the design and evaluation of an energy conversion system for a Fuel Cell Stack based on a recently introduced DC-DC converter. The two-phase six-order (2P6O) has shown to be a feasible converter with a good performance. In this article, the 2P6O converter was designed to convert the electrical energy from a fuel cell stack. The main objective of this study is to explore the performance of the 2P6O converter in the discussed application. Using a comparative analysis approach, the 2P6O converter was integrated into a standard fuel cell system, and its operation and storage demands were meticulously analyzed. The findings indicate that the system that incorporates the 2P6O converter requires less energy storage; specifically in the study, the 2P6O converter required 74% of the energy stored in inductors compared to the multiphase boost converter, a very competitive topology and 57% of the energy stored in capacitors. Reducing 26% of the stored energy in inductors and 43% of the energy stored in capacitors compared to the multiphase boost converter. Compared to the traditional boost and the multiphase boost, experimental results are provided.
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Data-driven modeling of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell stacks
(Elsevier BV, 2025-01)
Edgar Silva-Vera
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Jesus E. Valdez-Resendiz
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Jesse Y. Rumbo-Morales
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Data-Driven Modeling of Battery-Based Energy Storage Systems
(2025)
Edgar D. Silva-Vera
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Jesus E. Valdez-Resendiz
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Gerardo Escobar
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D. Guillen
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