Inertia in Converter-Dominated Microgrids: Control Strategies and Estimation Techniques

Fabio A. González; Johnny Posada; Bruno W. França; Rosas-Caro, Julio

doi:10.3390/electricity6040058

Inertia in Converter-Dominated Microgrids: Control Strategies and Estimation Techniques

Journal

Electricity

ISSN

2673-4826

Publisher

MDPI AG

Date Issued

2025-10-14

Author(s)

Fabio A. González

Johnny Posada

Bruno W. França

Type

text::journal::journal article

DOI

10.3390/electricity6040058

URL

https://scripta.up.edu.mx/handle/20.500.12552/12740

Abstract

This scoping review analyzes the role of inertia in converter-dominated microgrids, with an emphasis on hybrid AC/DC architectures. Following the PRISMA-ScR methodology, 54 studies published between 2015 and 2025 were identified, screened, and synthesized. The review addresses two key aspects, inertia estimation methods and control strategies for emulating inertia via power converters, emphasizing the role of the interlinking converter (ILC) as a bidirectional interface for inertia support between the AC and DC subsystems. This work addresses several limitations of prior reviews: their narrow scope, often overlooking advanced data-driven approaches such as machine learning; the lack of systematic classifications, hindering a comprehensive overview of existing methods; and the absence of practical guidance on selecting appropriate techniques for specific conditions. The findings show that conventional estimation methods are insufficient for low-inertia grids, necessitating adaptive and data-driven approaches. Virtual inertia emulation strategies—such as Virtual Synchronous Machines, Virtual Synchronous Generators, Synchronverters, and ILC-based controls—offer strong potential to enhance frequency stability but remain challenged by scalability, adaptability, and robustness. The review highlights critical research gaps and future directions to guide the development of resilient hybrid microgrid control strategies.