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    Risk Factors Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy with and without Macular Edema in Recently Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
    (Taylor and Francis Group, 2024)
    García-Ulloa, Ana
    ;
    Pérez-Peralta, Liliana
    ;
    Jaime-Casas, Salvador
    ;
    Jiménez-Corona, Aida
    ;
    Rivera-De La Parra, David
    Purpose: To evaluate the risk factors associated with diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients with a recent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis. Patients and Methods: We conducted a case-control study at a third-level hospital in Mexico City. We enrolled patients ≥18 years old, with T2DM less than five years of diagnosis, without disabling complications, and non-smokers. The control group was patients with diabetic retinopathy and without macular edema (DR-DME). Cases were patients with DR+DME. We measured fasting glucose, creatinine, lipid profile, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and HbA1c. An ophthalmological examination consisted of visual acuity measurement, digital three-field fundus photography with an automatic non-mydriatic camera, slit lamp, and Optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination ©Dove Press
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    The Markovian Pattern of Social Deprivation for Mexicans with Diabetes
    (2021)
    Ramírez Sánchez, José Carlos 
    ;
    ;
    Mata, Leovardo
    This paper aims to determine the Markovian pattern of the factors influencing social deprivation in Mexicans with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). To this end, we develop a methodology to meet the theoretical and practical considerations involved in applying a Hidden Markov Model that uses non-panel data. After estimating the latent states and ergodic vectors for diabetic and nondiabetic populations, we find that the long-term state-dependent probabilities for people with DM2 show a darker perspective of impoverishment than the rest of the Mexican population. In the absence of extreme events that modify the present probability structure, the Markovian pattern confirms that people with DM2 will most likely become the poorest of Mexico’s poor. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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