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Resilience of the retail food supply chain and adaptability of customer delivery amid disruptions due to health contingency.
(2024)
López Dueñas, Araceli
;
Ramírez Nafarrete, Adrián
;
Núñez Rios, Juan Enrique
This thesis has been developed with a central focus on the food retail industry. Three main chapters are presented, each corresponding to research in the field of business sciences. These articles have been individually published in different journals. In light of some structural changes in companies during COVID-19, the starting point for the first chapter is the analysis of home delivery systems to reach end customers. The results showed how advancements in home delivery systems can be made by focusing on two fundamental factors: technology and personnel management. The second chapter presents a qualitative investigation using structured interviews focused on five entrepreneurs in Puerto Vallarta who operated home delivery systems during COVID-19 in 2020 from April to June. Findings show that one’s own systems and those through technological platforms generate positive externalities and, instead of being exclusive, can be complementary. The third chapter addresses how organizational factors and supply chain configuration can help medium-sized companies to be resilient in turbulent operating environments. This chapter aims to analyze the resilience of the company's supply chain under study and, through the application of system dynamics methodology, explain how organizational variables should be related to increasing organizational adaptation capacity. This final chapter is a case study of a company composed of several butcher shops in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, with an analysis of weekly sales information over a five-year period corresponding to 2018-2022. This doctoral thesis is framed within applied business sciences, where various disciplines converge to address business management in dynamic and complex environments. Building upon the foundations laid by Michael Porter in his conceptualization of the value chain (1985) and Dixon's contributions (1994) to understand improvement trajectories when developing and utilizing home delivery systems in response to the pandemic, this study delves into the intersection between theory and business practice. An essential component of this research is using time series analysis techniques through descriptive statistics, which facilitate a detailed visualization of sequential information in the presented case study. Subsequently, with the application of system dynamics models based on the Jay Forrester's contributions (1990), a model is developed to demonstrate resilience capacity to face the unexpected event of COVID-19. The importance of multi-criteria decision-making supported by Bayesian optimization models is highlighted. This serves as a starting point for the model presented in identifying effective strategies in business management. This study addresses the inherent complexity of business management in a changing context, adopting an interdisciplinary approach that merges consolidated theories with advanced methodologies of analysis and modeling. It provides a comprehensive framework that offers models to organizations to enhance their responsiveness to unexpected events and changing markets, in line with the principles of engaged management scholarship.
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Study of Factors that Affect the Performance of Researchers in Mexican Private Universities
(2024)
;
Sánchez Garcia, Jaqueline Yvette
;
Ramírez Nafarrete, Adrián
The broad offer of private universities in Mexico increases the pressure for institutions to stand out for their quality. Pursuing national and international accreditations is a strategy frequently used by deans to position their institutions globally. However, reaching the quality standards defined by the accrediting bodies represents a challenge that requires important institutional efforts. This study focuses on improving institutional research, specifically through policy management. Our main objective is to identify the factors that, from the perspective of researchers, should be considered in the design of a research policy in private universities in Mexico. This is a frequently overlooked topic in research policy design, but highly relevant for decision-makers that want to reach institutional research goals while keeping researchers motivated. We designed a cross-sectional survey to identify the incentive preferences of researchers. We integrated a sample of 86 researchers of business and engineering areas of 10 private universities in Mexico. We analyzed the results of this survey through statistical methods, such as z-tests for differences in proportions and correlations tests, as well as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and System Dynamics (SD) methodological frameworks. Findings suggest that the institutional research strategy should be aligned to the mission and vision of the university. From the survey, we identified that age, rather than salary range and years of experience, influence researchers’ preferences of financial incentives over non-financial incentives, and that delay in receiving an incentive plays a relevant role in their preferences and decision-making process. We found that work-life balance, research funding, and institutional support, are the most valued factors in the design of an effective research policy from the perspective of researchers. Finally, based on the prioritization results, it is concluded that balanced strategies are relevant to improve the performance and well-being of researchers, to ensure the competitiveness of universities and increase their leadership. Simulation scenarios demonstrate how changes in key leadership variables may affect the research capacity. These findings can help to develop more effective policies that consider academic staff, promoting the sustainability of research as one of the pillars of academic excellence.
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Algorithms for Supplier Selection and Order Quantity Allocation
(2020)
;
Mendoza Andrade, Abraham
;
Olivares Benitez, Elías
Supply chain management is particularly important because of its influence on a compan\¶s profitabilit\ and competitiYeness. Among the different actiYities inYolYed in supply chain management, purchasing decisions, supplier selection, and order quantity allocation have a direct impact on the cost of the produced items. The cost function usually deals with non-linear equation systems with an infinite number of possible solutions. The result is an optimal inventory policy with a minimum cost per time unit. This research addresses the supplier selection and order quantity allocation problem. The objective is to allocate the corresponding order quantities over time to the selected suppliers, while minimizing inventory and transportation costs, simultaneously. In selecting suppliers, two feasibility constraints are considered: capacity and quality (perfect rate). Typically, in the literature, the acceptable perfect quality rate of raw materials is ensured with a mathematical inequality in the model constraints. Therefore, this research first addresses the desired perfect rate by including it as part of the order cycle parameters calculation and not as an individual constraint. The main advantages of doing so are: (i) it leads to lower-cost solutions compared to previously proposed literature, (ii) it effectively faces the so-called low perfect rate situations, by providing feasible solutions when the perfect rate of suppliers is smaller than the minimum perfect-rate required by the customer. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the proposed model to analyze the effect of some parameters on the total cost per time unit. Results showed that transportation costs have an important effect on the order quantity and that the price levels do not necessarily affect the number of purchased units. Hence the importance of considering transportation costs when making order quantity allocation decisions. Another challenge of the problem under study is that the model is non-linear and has an infinite number of possible solutions because of the continuous nature of the variables. Therefore, there is a need from the scientific and industry communities to find solutions in an efficient and timely manner. Former studies introduced limits to the length of the order cycle or to the number of orders in the order cycle in order to obtain a solution using commercial software. However, computers still take many hours or days to provide optimal solutions, if at all. Therefore, second, this research applies different metaheuristic algorithms to solve the problem, namely: particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and differential evolution (DE). With these algorithms, a larger solution space can be explored while getting a solution in the order of seconds; this allows cheaper solutions to be found. PSO, GA, and DE are well known metaheuristic algorithms in the optimization field and have been used to solve lot-sizing, and supplier selection problems. New metaheuristic methods are commonly proposed for particular circumstances, for example, converging to an optimal solution faster than other strategies. A recently proposed metaheuristic algorithm, the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), was explored in this research. The algorithm was modified and adapted to the supplier selection and order quantity allocation problem when the amount of decision variables is too large. The improved GWO method, called iGWO, includes weighted factors and a displacement vector to promote the exploration of the search strategy avoiding the use of unfeasible solutions. The iGWO was tested and results showed that, in addition to obtain optimal solutions, it performed a better search strategy, finding feasible solutions in all instances of the tested problem. Finally, based on the knowledge acquired through the previous contributions, a heuristic algorithm to solve the problem under study is proposed. This heuristic algorithm allows to extend the explored solution space to an exceptionally large limit. The solutions obtained with the proposed heuristic algorithm were compared against the solutions obtained with PSO and DE. Two numerical examples are solved. In the first one, it is shown that the proposed heuristic performed best compared to other solutions previously published in the literature, both in terms of computational time and total cost. In the second numerical example, larger instances were studied. Our findings show that the proposed heuristic was able to find a feasible solution, while PSO and DE were unable to find a solution. Therefore, the proposed heuristic does not just lead to lower total cost solutions, but it also performs a more exhaustive search in shorter computational times for larger instances of the problem.
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Educación en valores, educación en virtudes : antropología y valores
(Universidad Panamericana, 2025)
López de Llergo, Ana Teresa
En esta obra, Ana Teresa López de Llergo aborda un tema imprescindible y de gran preocupación en nuestro tiempo: la educación en valores y virtudes. Con base en una investigación profunda, inteligente, sería y desde una perspectiva distinta a la axiología de los valores, la autore interrelaciona novedosamente conceptos como las virtudes, los valores y los frutos, con el propósito de que este original planteamiento genere reflexión y constituya el fundamento de una sólida propuesta educativa.
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Resilience of the retail food supply chain and adaptability of customer delivery amid disruptions due to health contingency.
(2024)
López Dueñas, Araceli
;
Ramírez Nafarrete, Adrían
;
Núñez Rios, Juan Enrique
This thesis has been developed with a central focus on the food retail industry. Three main chapters are presented, each corresponding to research in the field of business sciences. These articles have been individually published in different journals. In light of some structural changes in companies during COVID-19, the starting point for the first chapter is the analysis of home delivery systems to reach end customers. The results showed how advancements in home delivery systems can be made by focusing on two fundamental factors: technology and personnel management. The second chapter presents a qualitative investigation using structured interviews focused on five entrepreneurs in Puerto Vallarta who operated home delivery systems during COVID-19 in 2020 from April to June. Findings show that one’s own systems and those through technological platforms generate positive externalities and, instead of being exclusive, can be complementary. The third chapter addresses how organizational factors and supply chain configuration can help medium-sized companies to be resilient in turbulent operating environments. This chapter aims to analyze the resilience of the company's supply chain under study and, through the application of system dynamics methodology, explain how organizational variables should be related to increasing organizational adaptation capacity. This final chapter is a case study of a company composed of several butcher shops in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, with an analysis of weekly sales information over a five-year period corresponding to 2018-2022. This doctoral thesis is framed within applied business sciences, where various disciplines converge to address business management in dynamic and complex environments. Building upon the foundations laid by Michael Porter in his conceptualization of the value chain (1985) and Dixon's contributions (1994) to understand improvement trajectories when developing and utilizing home delivery systems in response to the pandemic, this study delves into the intersection between theory and business practice. An essential component of this research is using time series analysis techniques through descriptive statistics, which facilitate a detailed visualization of sequential information in the presented case study. Subsequently, with the application of system dynamics models based on the Jay Forrester's contributions (1990), a model is developed to demonstrate resilience capacity to face the unexpected event of COVID-19. The importance of multi-criteria decision-making supported by Bayesian optimization models is highlighted. This serves as a starting point for the model presented in identifying effective strategies in business management. This study addresses the inherent complexity of business management in a changing context, adopting an interdisciplinary approach that merges consolidated theories with advanced methodologies of analysis and modeling. It provides a comprehensive framework that offers models to organizations to enhance their responsiveness to unexpected events and changing markets, in line with the principles of engaged management scholarship.
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Study of Factors that Affect the Performance of Researchers in Mexican Private Universities
(2024)
;
Sánchez García, Jacqueline Yvette
;
Ramírez Nafarrete, Adrián
The broad offer of private universities in Mexico increases the pressure for institutions to stand out for their quality. Pursuing national and international accreditations is a strategy frequently used by deans to position their institutions globally. However, reaching the quality standards defined by the accrediting bodies represents a challenge that requires important institutional efforts. This study focuses on improving institutional research, specifically through policy management. Our main objective is to identify the factors that, from the perspective of researchers, should be considered in the design of a research policy in private universities in Mexico. This is a frequently overlooked topic in research policy design, but highly relevant for decision-makers that want to reach institutional research goals while keeping researchers motivated. We designed a cross-sectional survey to identify the incentive preferences of researchers. We integrated a sample of 86 researchers of business and engineering areas of 10 private universities in Mexico. We analyzed the results of this survey through statistical methods, such as z-tests for differences in proportions and correlations tests, as well as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and System Dynamics (SD) methodological frameworks. Findings suggest that the institutional research strategy should be aligned to the mission and vision of the university. From the survey, we identified that age, rather than salary range and years of experience, influence researchers’ preferences of financial incentives over non-financial incentives, and that delay in receiving an incentive plays a relevant role in their preferences and decision-making process. We found that work-life balance, research funding, and institutional support, are the most valued factors in the design of an effective research policy from the perspective of researchers. Finally, based on the prioritization results, it is concluded that balanced strategies are relevant to improve the performance and well-being of researchers, to ensure the competitiveness of universities and increase their leadership. Simulation scenarios demonstrate how changes in key leadership variables may affect the research capacity. These findings can help to develop more effective policies that consider academic staff, promoting the sustainability of research as one of the pillars of academic excellence.
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Responsability of states interfering in foreign elections through cyberspace under international law
(2022)
Gastélum Lugo, Juan Pablo
;
Gatt Corona, Guillermo A.
This thesis critically examines the traditional rule for the diplomatic protection of corporations in international law, as established by the International Court of in the Barcelona Traction case, which designates the state of incorporation as the basis for nationality. The author argues that this formalistic criterion is insufficient and often leads to inequitable outcomes, leaving the actual investors—shareholders of a different nationality—without protection. As a more just and realistic alternative, the thesis advocates for the adoption of the "effective control" or "genuine link" principle, which focuses on the nationality of the shareholders who ultimately control the corporation. The analysis traces the evolution of the doctrine, critiques the limitations of the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection, and highlights the widespread adoption of shareholder-based criteria in modern Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). The work concludes that the proliferation of BITs demonstrates a clear trend away from the rigid Barcelona Traction precedent and supports the argument that "effective control" should be recognized as the prevailing standard to ensure genuine and effective protection for foreign direct investment.
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Ethical Standards in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
(2022)
Del Carmen Duarte, Luisa Renata
;
Muñoz López, José Edgardo
This thesis investigates how minimum ethical standards—such as the prohibition of child labor, labor rights violations, and corruption—can be integrated and enforced within international sales contracts governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Acknowledging that the CISG lacks explicit provisions on ethical production, the author argues that its flexible framework and underlying general principles, particularly those in Articles 7 (good faith, uniformity) and 9 (practices and usages), allow for the incorporation of corporate codes of conduct as binding contractual obligations. The work demonstrates that goods produced in violation of these incorporated standards can be considered "non-conforming" under Article 35 of the CISG, even without physical defects, as their "tainted" origin affects their value and fitness for ordinary or particular purposes. Consequently, a breach of these ethical obligations constitutes a breach of contract, entitling the buyer to the full range of remedies available under the Convention, including contract avoidance for fundamental breach and claims for damages for losses such as reputational harm, thereby positioning the CISG as a potent tool for promoting responsible conduct in global supply chains.
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Unconscious bias in international arbitration: A proposal to address and mitigate this problem
(2023)
Covarrubias Miranda, José Centeotl
;
Muñoz López, José Edgardo
Abstract This thesis, "UNCONSCIOUS BIAS IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION: A PROPOSAL TO ADDRESS AND MITIGATE THIS PROBLEM," explores the manifestation of unconscious bias within the field of international arbitration and proposes a practical framework for its mitigation. The study employs a multidisciplinary methodology, drawing from legal and psychological principles, including nomological, historical, deductive, inductive, and judicial methods. The work argues that unconscious bias, a systematic error in decision-making rooted in implicit mental shortcuts, affects arbitrators, counsels, and experts, compromising the core principles of impartiality and independence. The analysis delves into various legal and social contexts, examining how biases such as affinity, confirmation, and racial and gender prejudices influence judicial and arbitral decisions, as demonstrated by key cases like WADA v. Sun Yang and Halliburton v. Chubb. The thesis concludes that while unconscious biases cannot be eradicated, they can be mitigated through awareness and education. A key proposal is the implementation of a protocol that encourages arbitration participants to take the Implicit Association Test (IAT). This tool would assist them in identifying their personal biases, thereby promoting more impartial decision-making and fostering greater diversity in the selection of arbitrators. The study's ultimate contribution is a concrete action plan aimed at strengthening the fairness, validity, and enforceability of international arbitral awards.
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Maintenance 5.0: A human-in-the-Loop-based Framework for Industrial Physical Assets Resilience
(2023)
Cortés Leal, Alejandro
;
Del Valle Soto, Carolina
;
Cárdenas Pérez, César Raúl
Due to the global uncertainty caused by social problems such as COVID-19, the microchip crisis, and cybersecurity attacks, many companies have opted to use emerging technologies since they allow them to maintain productivity in challenging times, achieving business strategic results. The preceding is based on market studies and research on emerging technologies. One example is in wearable artificial intelligence (AI) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the application of which in Industry is growing exponentially. Some social trends that seek to explore the use of AI and sensors to solve these social problems and uncertainty are Society 5.0 (S5.0), Industry 5.0 (I5.0), as well as the so-called AI for Social Good (AI4SG). I5.0 seeks to improve the resilience of industrial processes through sustainable and human-centered strategies; resilience is a metric closely related to the maintenance of physical assets since it can be calculated through performance and time measures in calculating reliability, availability, and safety. To have an approach to the problems of industrial maintenance and to be able to formulate a research question, first maintenance congresses, forums, and social networks were attended, an own initiative of Industry 4.0 was created, and experts were interviewed. The above actions allowed us to understand the industrial maintenance needs and problems more clearly. Secondly, an explorative literature review (ELR) was carried out on the research gaps in industrial maintenance; the gaps that were most consistent with the interest of this research were the following: a) the creation of feedback mechanisms for the state of physical assets; b) intelligent human-machine interaction, synergy, interoperability, and mutual learning; and c) resolve the issue of uncertainty. Third, a comparative table was then made in which the Industry's needs were compared against the selected research gaps. Finally, this comparison helped to justify the research topic: A human-in-the-Loop-based Framework for Industrial Physical Assets Resilience. Intelligent maintenance systems, such as reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), maintenance 4.0 (M4.0), self-healing systems, condition-based maintenance (CBM), and risk-based maintenance, among others, can repair a machine or take care of a physical asset; however, if the automatic and self-repairing system fails or decides out of context, the physical asset is left partially or unprotected, increasing uncertainty in the productive system and requiring external help. Continuous collaboration and communication between machines and workers are necessary to keep physical assets running in an industrial process. Due to the above, one motivation of this research work is to know how including human decisions in intelligent maintenance systems can impact the increase of resilience in physical assets. By including the human-in-the-loop (HITL), the maintenance worker could continue to put his knowledge at the service of the physical assets, which means that he keeps his practical ability to solve problems. Because the above is not considered in other maintenance frameworks, such as Maintenance 4.0, the following main research question (RQ1) has been formulated: could a human-in-the-loop-based maintenance framework improve the resilience of physical assets? This doctoral research examines how industrial physical assets can be protected to increase their resilience by creating a novel Maintenance 5.0 (M5.0) framework with the HITL. Due to the above, a framework for the worker of the future called Worker 5.0 (W5.0) is presented, which is the human being who adds value to the company's value chain through the use of non-intrusive wearables that increase their communication, and through the experience, it shares advising on the AI, so that the decisions that are made do not get out of context; the preceding impacts on an increase in the resilience of the signal that the physical asset is transmitting. Another literature review was conducted, but this time it was a systematic literature review (SLR), taking as keywords: HITL, maintenance, and resilience; with the SLR results, the state of the art was elaborated, and the hypothesis was formulated. With the SLR results and applying a questionnaire survey to experts, Checkland's qualitative and deductive methodology was selected to design a maintenance framework that meets the objectives of Industry 5.0. Within this methodology, to know the goals and answer of the research question, some specific activities were carried out: a) detection of needs and review of the scope of research gaps in maintenance; b) a characterization of work and maintenance throughout industrial history; c) definitions and characteristics of M5.0 and W5.0 are proposed, d) two HITL control loops of M5.0 framework are proposed: the first is an OSA-CBM-inspired, and the second is self-healing-inspired; e) M5.0 general architecture is proposed, which considers the OODA loop, as well as the steps for the creation of value in the company and classifies the activities that must be carried out in the physical world and the cyber world; f) two proposals for the calculation of resilient maintenance: one for real- time processes, inspired by the raised cosine, and another for historical processes, inspired by the Weibull distribution; g) an ease-benefit analysis of the proposed changes to M4.0 to make it M5.0; h) a list of enabling technologies for the proposed maintenance framework noting their impact on I5.0 goals; i) a catalog of wearables was prepared that will help implement W5.0, and M5.0; and finally, j) tools and enablers to implement M5.0 are proposed. In the last step of the methodology, the theoretical proposal must be carried out in the physical world, so the hypothesis is demonstrated through a case study of an Industrial Wireless Sensor Network (IWSN), which refers to a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that is immersed in an industrial environment. One of the leading research gaps was the creation of feedback mechanisms of the state of physical assets; at the same time, one of the needs detected in the Industry was the use of wireless and non-intrusive technologies (wearables and IWSNs) to implement remote solutions; due to this, to validate the proposed M5.0 framework, it was decided to carry out a case study, taking an IWSN as a physical asset. The maintenance of the IWSN may vary according to first, a) the inclusion of HITL, which is the primary motivation of this research, and responds to RQ1, and second, b) the improvement in communication between network nodes (physical assets) that make up the IWSN, which responds to RQ2: which Industrial Wireless Sensor Network scheme helps more to protect the network nodes from failure events? IWSNs are physical assets that must be maintained at acceptable levels since they are the ones that make up the base of the automation pyramid, feeding data to industrial control systems. RQ2 is considered a sub-item of RQ1 since it responds to the needs of this case study where M5.0 is being validated. To answer RQ2, a mechanism for the resilience of IWSNs that is based on the measurement of performance metrics and the network scheme is proposed, laying the foundations of the case study; the case study is composed of simulations and experiments that use different densities and network schemes; while the cooperative scheme is more efficient when an IWSN is under normal operating conditions, the collaborative scheme offers more excellent protection against aggressive interference on performance metrics, making it more secure and resilient. In addition, a real-time jamming detection algorithm is proposed with the following characteristics: first, a) it examines the characteristics and damages caused by the type of aggressor; second, b) it reflects the natural immunity of the WSN (which depends on its node density and a cooperative or collaborative configuration); and finally, c) it considers performance metrics, especially those that impact power consumption during sensor transmission. The case study demonstrated that network nodes save more than 10% of energy if they switch their network schemes in the event of interference. Regarding jamming mitigation, it is possible to know the optimal route for delivering communication packets using an AI algorithm; M5.0 is finally validated by including the HITL as a network adviser, which assesses AI algorithms to increase resilience.

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