Now showing 1 - 10 of 25
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    Item type:Publication,
    A Resilient Energy-Efficient Framework for Jamming Mitigation in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
    (MDPI AG, 2025-09-29)
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    Aimé Lay-Ekuakille
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    Paolo Visconti
    This paper presents a resilient and energy-efficient framework for jamming mitigation in cluster-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs), addressing a critical vulnerability in hostile or interference-prone environments. The proposed approa ch integrates dynamic cluster reorganization, adaptive MAC-layer behavior, and multipath routing strategies to restore communication capabilities and sustain network functionality under jamming conditions. The framework is evaluated across heterogeneous topologies using Zigbee and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE); both stacks were validated in a physical testbed with matched jammer and traffic conditions, while simulation was used solely to tune parameters and support sensitivity analyses. Results demonstrate significant improvements in Packet Delivery Ratio, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and retransmission rate, with BLE showing particularly high resilience when combined with the mitigation mechanism. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of routing protocols including AODV, GAF, and LEACH reveals that hierarchical protocols achieve superior performance when integrated with the proposed method. This framework has broader applicability in mission-critical IoT domains, including environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and healthcare systems. The findings confirm that the framework offers a scalable and protocol-agnostic defense mechanism, with potential applicability in mission-critical and interference-sensitive IoT deployments.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Neural Network Aided M-PSK Detection in 802.11P V2V OFDM Systems Under ICI Conditions
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025)
    Tonix Gleason Luis Emilio
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    Francisco R. Castillo-Soria
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    R. Parra-Michel
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    Fernando Peña Campos
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    Item type:Publication,
    Verification of a Probabilistic Model and Optimization in Long-Range Networks
    (MDPI AG, 2025-02-11)
    José Luis Romero Vázquez
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    Abel García-Barrientos
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    Francisco R. Castillo Soria
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    Roilhi F. Ibarra-Hernández
    This paper presents a comprehensive probabilistic analysis of packet loss in long-range (LoRa) networks, a vital aspect of low-power, wide-area communication systems increasingly employed in IoT applications. The proposed model integrates multiple critical factors, including packet arrival rates, transmission power levels, and the distance between transmitting nodes and the gateway. By incorporating these variables into a unified probabilistic framework, the model not only predicts packet loss and interference patterns but also provides insights into optimizing network parameters. Specifically, it focuses on determining the optimal transmission power required to balance energy efficiency and communication reliability. A distinctive feature of the analysis is its ability to adapt dynamically to varying network conditions, ensuring sustained performance even in environments with high node density or fluctuating traffic loads. The study also explores the interplay between transmission power and interference, demonstrating how careful calibration of power settings can significantly reduce packet collisions while conserving energy resources. The proposed framework not only advances theoretical understanding, but also offers actionable guidelines for network designers seeking to achieve high performance in resource-constrained environments.
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    Item type:Publication,
    A Comparative Study of Brownian Dynamics Based on the Jerk Equation Against a Stochastic Process Under an External Force Field
    (MDPI AG, 2025-02-28)
    Adriana Ruiz-Silva
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    Bahia Betzavet Cassal-Quiroga
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    Rodolfo de Jesus Escalante-Gonzalez
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    <jats:p>Brownian motion has been studied since 1827, leading to numerous important advances in many branches of science and to it being studied primarily as a stochastic dynamical system. In this paper, we present a deterministic model for the Brownian motion for a particle in a constant force field based on the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model. By adding one degree of freedom, the system evolves into three differential equations. This change in the model is based on the Jerk equation with commutation surfaces and is analyzed in three cases: overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped. The dynamics of the proposed model are compared with classical results using a random process with normal distribution, where despite the absence of a stochastic component, the model preserves key Brownian motion characteristics, which are lost in stochastic models, giving a new perspective to the study of particle dynamics under different force fields. This is validated by a linear average square displacement and a Gaussian distribution of particle displacement in all cases. Furthermore, the correlation properties are examined using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) for compared cases, which confirms that the model effectively replicates the essential behaviors of Brownian motion that the classic models lose.</jats:p>
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    Item type:Publication,
    Audio’s Impact on Deep Learning Models: A Comparative Study of EEG-Based Concentration Detection in VR Games
    (MDPI AG, 2025-10-29)
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    Francisco R. Castillo-Soria
    This study investigates the impact of audio feedback on cognitive performance during VR puzzle games using EEG analysis. Thirty participants played three different VR puzzle games under two conditions (with and without audio) while their brain activity was recorded. To analyze concentration levels and neural engagement patterns, we employed spectral analysis combined with a preprocessing algorithm and an optimized Deep Neural Network (DNN) model. The proposed processing stage integrates feature normalization, automatic labeling based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Gamma band feature extraction, transforming concentration detection into a supervised classification problem. Experimental validation was conducted under the two gaming conditions in order to evaluate the impact of multisensory stimulation on model performance. The results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms traditional machine learning classifiers (SVM, LR) and baseline deep learning models (DNN, DGCNN), achieving a 97% accuracy in the audio scenario and 83% without audio. These findings confirm that auditory stimulation reinforces neural coherence and improves the discriminability of EEG patterns, while the proposed method maintains a robust performance under less stimulating conditions.
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    Item type:Publication,
    A Transformer-Based Multi-Task Learning Model for Vehicle Traffic Surveillance
    (MDPI AG, 2025-11-29)
    Fernando Hermosillo-Reynoso
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    Erica Ruiz-Ibarra
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    Armando García-Berumen
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    Vehicle traffic surveillance (VTS) systems are based on the automatic analysis of video sequences to detect, classify, and track vehicles in urban environments. The design of new VTS systems requires computationally efficient architectures with high performance in accuracy. Conventional approaches based on multi-stage pipelines have been successfully used during the last decade. However, these systems need to be improved to face the challenges of complex, high-mobility traffic environments. This article proposes an efficient system based on transformer architectures for VTS channels. The proposed analysis system is evaluated in scenarios with high vehicle density and occlusions. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces the computational complexity required for multi-object detection and tracking and exhibits a Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) of 0.757 and an identity F1 score (IDF1) of 0.832 when compared to conventional multi-stage systems under the same conditions and parameters, along with achieving a high detection precision of 0.934. The results show the viability of implementing the proposed system in practical applications for high-density vehicle VTS channels.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Performance optimization of multiple RIS-assisted multiuser MIMO communication systems
    (Wiley, 2025-05-16)
    Francisco Rubén Castillo Soria
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    Roilhi Frajo Ibarra‐Hernández
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    Carlos Adrián Gutiérrez Diaz de León
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    Abel García Barrientos
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    Sharon Macias‐Velasquez
    Integrating reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) into wireless communication systems represents a crucial challenge. This task can be even more challenging when dealing with multiple users connected to a system sharing spectrum, time, or power resources. This chapter explores the challenges of integrating the RIS into multiuser downlink transmission systems. The efficiency and applicability of RIS-assisted multiple input-single output (MISO) and multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) schemes are analyzed in terms of bit error rate (BER) performance and complexity of the algorithms and techniques utilized. Likewise, the effects of the different wireless propagation channel models are analyzed. Approaches of blind RISs and optimization algorithms are also reviewed. Our simulation results showed up to 37 dB gain in BER curves when using N-RIS surfaces when the system has SE = 12 bpcu/user, 32 Tx antennas, and 8 users with 4 Rx antennas. These outcomes validate an increase in performance by adopting N-RIS surfaces and optimization techniques for adequate phase searching. This chapter also reviews the reported frameworks that apply machine learning algorithms to improve the overall system performance. Topics such as estimation of channel state information, beamforming applications, federated learning, and demodulation applications are reviewed. Finally, we shed light on trends and open research areas in this emerging topic. © 2024 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Adaptive Jamming Mitigation for Clustered Energy-Efficient LoRa-BLE Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks
    (MDPI AG, 2025-03-20)
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    Leonardo J. Valdivia
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    José Varela-Aldás
    Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are fundamental for modern IoT applications, yet they remain highly vulnerable to jamming attacks, which significantly degrade communication reliability and energy efficiency. This paper proposes a novel adaptive cluster-based jamming mitigation algorithm designed for heterogeneous WSNs that integrate LoRa and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technologies. The proposed strategy dynamically switches between communication protocols, optimizes energy consumption, and reduces retransmissions under interference conditions by leveraging real-time network topology adjustments and adaptive transmission power control. Through extensive experimental validation, we demonstrate that our mitigation mechanism reduces energy consumption by up to 38% and lowers packet retransmission rates by 47% compared to single-protocol networks under jamming conditions. Additionally, our results indicate that the hybrid LoRa-BLE approach outperforms standalone LoRa and BLE configurations in terms of network resilience, adaptability, and sustained data transmission under attack scenarios. This work advances the state-of-the-art by introducing a multi-protocol interference-resilient communication strategy, paving the way for more robust, energy-efficient, and secure WSN deployments in smart cities, industrial IoT, and critical infrastructure monitoring.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Machine Learning Strategies for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Communication Systems—A Review
    (2024)
    Ibarra Hernández, Roilhi F.
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    Castillo Soria, Francisco R.
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    Gutiérrez, Carlos Andres
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    García Barrientos, Abel
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    Vázquez Toledo, Luis Alberto
    <jats:p>Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been widely used to improve the performance of telecommunications systems, including reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted wireless communication systems. The RIS can be considered a key part of the backbone of sixth-generation (6G) communication mainly due to its electromagnetic properties for controlling the propagation of the signals in the wireless channel. The ML-optimized (RIS)-assisted wireless communication systems can be an effective alternative to mitigate the degradation suffered by the signal in the wireless channel, providing significant advantages in the system’s performance. However, the variety of approaches, system configurations, and channel conditions make it difficult to determine the best technique or group of techniques for effectively implementing an optimal solution. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the reported frameworks in the literature that apply ML and RISs to improve the overall performance of the wireless communication system. This paper compares the ML strategies that can be used to address the RIS-assisted system design. The systems are classified according to the ML method, the databases used, the implementation complexity, and the reported performance gains. Finally, we shed light on the challenges and opportunities in designing and implementing future RIS-assisted wireless communication systems based on ML strategies.</jats:p>
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    Channel Characterization and SC-FDM Modulation for PLC in High-Voltage Power Lines
    (2022)
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    José Luis Naredo
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    Fernando Peña-Campos
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    <jats:p>Digital communication over power lines is an active field of research and most studies in this field focus on low-voltage (LV) and medium-voltage (MV) power systems. Nevertheless, as power companies are starting to provide communication services and as smart-grid technologies are being incorporated into power networks, high-voltage (HV) power-line communication has become attractive. The main constraint of conventional HV power-line carrier (PLC) systems is their unfeasibility for being migrated to wideband channels, even with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this scenario, none of the current linear/non-linear equalizers used in single carrier schemes achieve the complete compensation of the highly dispersive conditions, which limits their operation to 4 kHz channels. In this paper, a new PLC-channel model is introduced for transmission lines incorporating the effects of the coupling equipment. In addition, the use of the single-carrier frequency-division modulation (SC-FDM) is proposed as a solution to operate PLC systems in a wide bandwidth, achieving transmission speeds above those of the conventional PLC system. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the superior performance of the SC-FDM-PLC over conventional PLC systems, obtaining a higher transmission capacity in 10 to 30 times.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 2  36  1