Tovar-García, Edgar Demetrio
Main Affiliation
Preferred name
Tovar-García, Edgar Demetrio
ORCID
0000-0002-8826-0004
Researcher ID
G-7890-2015
Scopus Author ID
55412202000
34 results
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Item type:Publication, The intersection of education and gender disparities in entrepreneurship: a longitudinal decomposition approach in RussiaPurpose This study examines the role of education in explaining and potentially reducing gender disparities in entrepreneurship in Russia, a country with a relatively low gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. The research aims to assess whether educational attainment – particularly women's superior educational outcomes – contributes to narrowing the entrepreneurship gap over time. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) covering the years 2000–2022. The sample comprises 226,242 observations from 36,227 individuals, of whom 54.8% are women. Gender disparities in entrepreneurship are analyzed using longitudinal decomposition techniques – extensions of the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder method – allowing for the separation of differences in levels and changes. The models control for sociodemographic characteristics such as age, marital status, number of children, health status, generalized trust, migration background, ethnicity and residency in Moscow or Saint Petersburg. The study differentiates between necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Findings The results indicate that education plays a significant role in reducing the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Russia. Women in Russia exhibit higher levels of educational attainment than men, and this educational advantage is associated with a narrowing of the entrepreneurship gap, which remains relatively small. Importantly, education functions as a structural equalizer rather than a short-term dynamic driver of convergence. These findings are robust across both types of entrepreneurship and persist after controlling for other relevant variables. Originality/value This study contributes novel empirical evidence on gender and entrepreneurship in a transition economy by applying longitudinal decomposition techniques to a large, nationally representative dataset. The research highlights the unique case of Russia, where gender parity in entrepreneurship is comparatively high, and underscores the critical role of education in shaping equitable economic outcomes. The findings offer policy-relevant insights for other countries seeking to use education as a lever to promote gender equality in entrepreneurial activity. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, 4 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impacto de la estructura tributaria sobre el crecimiento económico: el caso de MéxicoEn este artículo se estudia empíricamente el impacto de la estructura tributaria sobre el crecimiento económico de México de 2005 a 2016. Se desarrolló un modelo econométrico usando como variables independientes: impuesto sobre la renta, impuesto al valor agregado, impuesto especial sobre la producción y servicios e impuesto sobre las importaciones. Los resultados mostraron un efecto negativo y significativo sobre el PIB per cápita del impuesto sobre la renta. Por el contrario, el impuesto al valor agregado mostró impactos positivos. Por lo tanto, la recomendación es apoyar una estructura tributaria donde el impuesto sobre la renta tenga poca relevancia. Por la falta de datos para algunas variables para años previos al 2005, el análisis está limitado al periodo de estudio enunciado. No obstante, esta es la primera investigación sobre el nexo crecimiento económico y estructura fiscal para México, aunque dicho nexo se ha estudiado en varios países desarrollados y en unos pocos países en vías de desarrollo. En línea con esa literatura, en México también se encuentra que la estructura tributaria afecta el crecimiento económico en el largo plazo.8 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Relevancia y Gestión del Diseño Interior en la Construcción(Elsevier BV, 2024); El artículo examina la relevancia de integrar el diseño interior en la construcción. La originalidad del estudio radica en la carencia de estudios previos sobre el tema, a pesar de que la literatura más reciente subraya la necesidad de integrar desde el principio y hasta el final a todos los actores clave de una obra (propietarios, ingenieros, arquitectos, y otros). Sin embargo, en México poco se sabe sobre el papel del interiorista y cabría esperar que la situación sea similar en América Latina. Para ello se utilizó una encuesta, aplicada en 2022 a 56 constructores representativos de la población de agremiados a la Cámara Mexicana de la Industria de la Construcción (CMIC) del Estado de Jalisco (N=502; n=56). La evidencia sugiere que la adecuada gestión e integración del diseño interior en distintas etapas de un proyecto (particularmente en el anteproyecto, el proyecto ejecutivo, el presupuesto de inversión y los acabados) tiene como consecuencia aumentar su calidad, además, no se perciben incrementos injustificados en los costos (71% de los encuestados así lo señalan). Asimismo, el diseño interior es particularmente relevante para los constructores de vivienda con clientes de altos ingresos, quienes suelen demandar al interiorista. Sin embargo, cabe reconocer que la veracidad de las respuestas de los encuestados podría generar sesgos y futuras investigaciones son necesarias para corroborar los hallazgos y proporcionar nueva información.16 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Impact of Water Availability and Pollution on Economic Growth at the Sub-National Level: Evidence from Mexico(World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd, 2025-05-26); 24 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Religiosity and Wage Earnings in Post-Soviet Russia(2020)<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This article empirically studies the relationship between religiosity, to be a believer or not and to what extent, and wage earnings in post-Soviet Russia. Mincer equations are estimated adding religious affiliation and religiosity as explanatory variables and using dynamic specifications, controlling for endogeneity and time-invariant independent variables. The empirical strategy includes working age individuals (eighteen to sixty) and uses longitudinal data (2000–2017). The results suggest that male believers suffer a wage penalty, about 7%. Moreover, on average, Muslims obtain lower earnings than do individuals from other religious affiliations, roughly 21% less income; for female Muslims this figure is even higher, about 38%. Nonetheless, analysing younger individuals (eighteen to forty-two), the findings are slightly different. In this case, female believers suffer a wage penalty, about 5%. The findings are robust under different specifications, controlling for education, work experience, civil status, migration background, ethnicity, city size, occupation, and macroeconomic conditions.</jats:p>1Scopus© Citations 3 13 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Scopus© Citations 6 1 11 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Religiosity and Entrepreneurship in Post-Soviet Russia(2022)<jats:p>This article empirically studies the associations between religion (Orthodox Christianity, Islam, and non-religion), religiosity (to be a believer or not, and to what extent), religious participation (attending divine services, meetings or other religious events) and the probabilities of being an entrepreneur in post-Soviet Russia. Using logistic regressions and data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, the findings suggest lower likelihoods of being an entrepreneur in the case of Orthodox Christians, religiosity shows mixed results, and religious participation presents positive links (increasing the probabilities of becoming an entrepreneur). Nevertheless, the negative association between Orthodoxy and entrepreneurship lacks statistical significance in several specifications. Indeed, only religious participation shows robust results, particularly for men. Note that religious participation is linked to social capital, namely, networking, facilitating resources for entrepreneurship. Therefore, in Russia, the religion-entrepreneurship nexus is associated with participation, and not precisely with religious affiliations or beliefs.</jats:p>2 11 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Scopus© Citations 2 2 15