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Responsability of states interfering in foreign elections through cyberspace under international law
(2022)
Gastélum Lugo, Juan Pablo
;
Gatt Corona, Guillermo A.
This thesis critically examines the traditional rule for the diplomatic protection of corporations in international law, as established by the International Court of in the Barcelona Traction case, which designates the state of incorporation as the basis for nationality. The author argues that this formalistic criterion is insufficient and often leads to inequitable outcomes, leaving the actual investors—shareholders of a different nationality—without protection. As a more just and realistic alternative, the thesis advocates for the adoption of the "effective control" or "genuine link" principle, which focuses on the nationality of the shareholders who ultimately control the corporation. The analysis traces the evolution of the doctrine, critiques the limitations of the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection, and highlights the widespread adoption of shareholder-based criteria in modern Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). The work concludes that the proliferation of BITs demonstrates a clear trend away from the rigid Barcelona Traction precedent and supports the argument that "effective control" should be recognized as the prevailing standard to ensure genuine and effective protection for foreign direct investment.
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Ethical Standards in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
(2022)
Del Carmen Duarte, Luisa Renata
;
Muñoz López, José Edgardo
This thesis investigates how minimum ethical standards—such as the prohibition of child labor, labor rights violations, and corruption—can be integrated and enforced within international sales contracts governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Acknowledging that the CISG lacks explicit provisions on ethical production, the author argues that its flexible framework and underlying general principles, particularly those in Articles 7 (good faith, uniformity) and 9 (practices and usages), allow for the incorporation of corporate codes of conduct as binding contractual obligations. The work demonstrates that goods produced in violation of these incorporated standards can be considered "non-conforming" under Article 35 of the CISG, even without physical defects, as their "tainted" origin affects their value and fitness for ordinary or particular purposes. Consequently, a breach of these ethical obligations constitutes a breach of contract, entitling the buyer to the full range of remedies available under the Convention, including contract avoidance for fundamental breach and claims for damages for losses such as reputational harm, thereby positioning the CISG as a potent tool for promoting responsible conduct in global supply chains.
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Unconscious bias in international arbitration: A proposal to address and mitigate this problem
(2023)
Covarrubias Miranda, José Centeotl
;
Muñoz López, José Edgardo
Abstract This thesis, "UNCONSCIOUS BIAS IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION: A PROPOSAL TO ADDRESS AND MITIGATE THIS PROBLEM," explores the manifestation of unconscious bias within the field of international arbitration and proposes a practical framework for its mitigation. The study employs a multidisciplinary methodology, drawing from legal and psychological principles, including nomological, historical, deductive, inductive, and judicial methods. The work argues that unconscious bias, a systematic error in decision-making rooted in implicit mental shortcuts, affects arbitrators, counsels, and experts, compromising the core principles of impartiality and independence. The analysis delves into various legal and social contexts, examining how biases such as affinity, confirmation, and racial and gender prejudices influence judicial and arbitral decisions, as demonstrated by key cases like WADA v. Sun Yang and Halliburton v. Chubb. The thesis concludes that while unconscious biases cannot be eradicated, they can be mitigated through awareness and education. A key proposal is the implementation of a protocol that encourages arbitration participants to take the Implicit Association Test (IAT). This tool would assist them in identifying their personal biases, thereby promoting more impartial decision-making and fostering greater diversity in the selection of arbitrators. The study's ultimate contribution is a concrete action plan aimed at strengthening the fairness, validity, and enforceability of international arbitral awards.
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El deber de lealtad de los administradores de sociedades de capital ante oportunidades de negocio
(2009)
Domínguez García-Villalobos, Gabriel
;
Tenorio-Cueto, Guillermo A.
La naturaleza corporativa de una sociedad de capital, la dinámica de su actuación en el tráfico negocial, y la complejidad de las relaciones jurídicas tenidas con su órgano de administración, dan lugar a una ingente e intrincada, pero a la vez atrayente variedad de supuestos por demás interesantes. Uno de ellos se refiere a los conflictos de intereses generados entre la sociedad y su administrador, por la oportunidad de emprender un nuevo negocio del interés de ambos, tema que ha captado nuestra atención y cuyo análisis nos hemos propuesto en este estudio. Las oportunidades de negocio ofrecen, sin duda, un fértil e interesante campo de reflexión, pues nos sitúa en la frontera entre los principios tradicionales del Derecho de sociedades y la novedosa problemática del corporate governance, disciplina cuyo estudio ha fijado en las últimas décadas la atención de un número cada vez mayor de juristas siempre en aumento. Un estilo generalizado del gobierno de las sociedades de capital alejado de las buenas prácticas de eficiencia y lealtad corporativas, han mostrado de tiempo atrás consecuencias catastróficas. Los resultados son tan devastadores, en términos de afectación de intereses de terceros, que las propias autoridades gubernamentales de las distintas naciones han evidenciado preocupación especial por fijar normas claras propiciatorias de un mercado más eficaz y transparente y al mismo tiempo respetuosas de los intereses particulares
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