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    Item type:Publication,
    Fiber–matrix interaction governs compressive strength in agave-bagasse-reinforced adobe: a factorial experiment with two-way ANOVA and competing mechanism analysis
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2026-07-31)
    De-Obaldia-Escalante, Marcela
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    ; ; ;
    Varela-Aldás, José
    Natural-fiber reinforcement is widely cited as a pathway to improve the mechanical performance of adobe, but reported effects on compressive strength are inconsistent across studies: some find improvement, others find degradation, and the choice of experimental conditions rarely disentangles the role of the fiber from that of the matrix. This study quantifies the coupling through a balanced factorial experiment. Forty-nine adobe specimens of (Formula presented) cm were manufactured with three granular compositions (sand-dominated, jal-dominated, and balanced, where jal is a regional non-plastic silt of Jalisco, Mexico) and four mass fractions of agave-bagasse fiber (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%), and were tested under Mexican standard NMX-C-036-ONNCCE by an accredited external laboratory. Three complementary analytical tools are applied to the resulting dataset: (i) a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), (ii) a reinforcement efficiency index (Formula presented) with bootstrap confidence intervals, and (iii) a competing mechanism phenomenological descriptor (Formula presented) that separates a saturating reinforcement term from a linear disruption term. The two-way ANOVA reveals a highly significant mixture–fiber interaction ((Formula presented), (Formula presented), and partial (Formula presented)), which is stronger than either main effect and statistically demonstrates that the sign of the fiber effect is not an intrinsic property of the fiber but rather a property of the fiber–matrix pair. For sand-containing mixtures, the reinforcement efficiency index is (Formula presented) [M1, 95% bootstrap CI (0.96, 1.32)] and (Formula presented) [M3, (0.92, 1.59)] at the optimum (Formula presented); a non-parametric bootstrap over 5, 000 resamples places the optimum at (Formula presented) with posterior probability (Formula presented) (M1) and (Formula presented) (M3). For the jal-dominated mixture, fiber inclusion is net destructive [(Formula presented), (0.68, 0.95) at (Formula presented)], with Welch (Formula presented)-tests rejecting equivalence with the control at (Formula presented) (0.5%) and (Formula presented) (2%) and Cohen’s effect sizes (Formula presented). The best-performing conditions yield mean compressive strengths of 3.22 MPa, which exceeds the 2.0 MPa minimum required by NMX-C-441-ONNCCE-2011 for non-structural masonry by 60%. An immersion test shows that unstabilized specimens disintegrate within 2–3 min, bounding applications to non-exposed or externally protected uses and defining the primary direction for future work. Copyright © 2026 De-Obaldia-Escalante, Del-Valle-Soto, Acevedo-Parra, Montoya-Márquez and Varela-Aldás.
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    Experimental and data-driven evaluation of transport-layer and application-layer security for MQTT-based IoT networks
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-12) ;
    Alvarez-Garcia, Maria Fernanda
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    ; ;
    Varela-Aldás, José
    The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments has intensified the need for secure and efficient communication mechanisms tailored to resource-constrained devices. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is widely adopted due to its lightweight design; however, it lacks native security support, requiring external protection mechanisms that may significantly affect system performance. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and data-driven evaluation of two security paradigms for MQTT-based IoT networks implemented on ESP32 microcontrollers: transport-layer security using TLS and application-layer encryption based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for key exchange combined with AES symmetric encryption. The analysis jointly evaluates memory utilization, end-to-end latency, energy consumption, and resistance to passive traffic interception under identical experimental conditions. In addition to conventional metric-based comparisons, multivariate statistical analysis and unsupervised learning techniques are employed as exploratory tools to characterize the system-level behavior induced by each security scheme. Results show that Transport Layer Security (TLS) offers stronger confidentiality guarantees at the cost of higher memory overhead, while the ECC–(Advanced Encryption Standard) AES approach significantly reduces memory footprint with moderate latency penalties and comparable energy consumption. Multivariate analysis further reveals that each security mechanism induces a distinct performance regime, providing a compact joint characterization of the security–performance trade-offs across the evaluated configurations. © 2026
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    Multipath Routing Protocol: For Wireless Ad-hoc Networks Based on Fibonacci
    (Zarqa University, 2026-07-04)
    Sun, Haiyun
    ;
    A WANET, which stands for Wireless Ad hoc Network, is a temporary network in which nodes are connected to each other via wireless links and there is no central management. Due to its adaptive structure, WANET is very useful in situations when quick communication link setup is necessary. On the other hand, Channel Contention (CC), degrades the performance of WANET and is a major contributor to packet drops. To solve the CC problem, this paper proposes a routing protocol called Multipath Channel Contention Based Routing (MCCBR). Using MCCBR, several paths are discovered for data transmission that have minimal contention between the source and destination. Then the packets are distributed over the discovered routes based on the Fibonacci sequence. The process of searching for new paths for transmission is initiated when the number of found paths becomes less than 50%. The proposed routing protocol was tested and verified using NS2 simulator. The performance of MCCBR was evaluated against the Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Channel Contention Based Routing (CCBR) protocols. MCCBR outperformed AODV and CCBR in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End (E2E) delay, and normalized Media Access Control (MAC) overhead. © 2026, Zarka Private University. All rights reserved.
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    Does the use of dedicated mobile devices in magnetism classes improve student learning?
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2026-04-21)
    Varela-Aldás, José
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    Collay, Washington
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    ;
    Palacios-Navarro, Guillermo
      8
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      8
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    Stability-Aware Security–Performance Trade-Off Analysis in Resource-Constrained IoT Systems: A Time-Series and Bootstrap-Based Evaluation of TLS and Hybrid ECC–AES Mechanisms
    (MDPI AG, 2026-05-02) ;
    Alvarez-Garcia, Maria Fernanda
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    ;
    Visconti, Paolo
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    The increasing deployment of resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices requires security mechanisms that preserve confidentiality without compromising energy efficiency or responsiveness. Although Transport Layer Security (TLS) provides standardized protection for MQTT-based communication, its computational overhead may significantly affect embedded architectures. This study presents a controlled experimental evaluation of three communication configurations implemented on ESP32-based nodes: unencrypted Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), MQTT over TLS 1.2, and an application-layer hybrid scheme combining Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman key exchange with AES-128 encryption. Second-level measurements of instantaneous current, accumulated energy, end-to-end latency, and memory footprint were collected across repeated experimental runs. Time-series diagnostics were performed to assess autocorrelation and stationarity, and block bootstrap resampling was applied to ensure dependence-aware statistical inference. The results indicate that TLS introduces the highest cumulative energy growth and latency dispersion, while the hybrid ECC–AES configuration demonstrates intermediate behavior with reduced overhead relative to TLS. Pareto frontier analysis shows that TLS is dominated in the joint energy–latency space, whereas the hybrid scheme represents a non-dominated compromise between security and efficiency. These findings provide a stability-aware and statistically robust framework for evaluating security–performance trade-offs in embedded IoT systems.
      31
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    Recent Advances in Multi-Camera Computer Vision for Industry 4.0 and Smart Cities: A Systematic Review
    (MDPI AG, 2026-03-25)
    Fierro-Silva, Carlos Julio
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    Mostafa, Samih M.
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    Varela-Aldás, José
      9
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    Item type:Patent,
    Cama semiautomática medidora para esterilización de animales
    (IMPI, 2022-12-13) ; ;
    Rosa Sierra, Luis Alberto
    La presente invención consiste en una cama semiautomática medidora para esterilización de animales y su proceso de utilización, la cual cuenta con una cama que puede medir el peso y la temperatura de forma automática mediante sensores, arrojando la cantidad exacta de anestesia a utilizar en el proceso de esterilización. Además, cuenta con sensores de oxigenación y ritmo cardiaco para monitorear los signos vitales del animal y reportarlos en una pantalla táctil que cuenta con leds y sonido que se activan como alerta en caso de que estos signos se encuentren cerca de los parámetros – altos o bajo – fijados según la epecie, raza y genero del animal a esterilizar. La cama esta provista de pasos a seguir para su correcta y eficiente utilización, además de estar diseñada como una unidad desplegable para trabajo en campo y ser trasladada fácilmente.
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