Valdivia, Leonardo

Main Affiliation
Preferred name
Valdivia, Leonardo
Official Name
Valdivia Parga, Leonardo Jesús
ORCID
0000-0001-7545-7441
Researcher ID
DZS-8846-2022
Scopus Author ID
57007977900

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    Stochastic Characterization of MAC-Level Reliability and Reassociation Dynamics in IEEE 802.15.4 Networks for Smart Grid Applications
    (MDPI AG, 2026-04-14)
    Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina  
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    Del-Puerto-Flores, J. Alberto  
    ;
    Velázquez, Ramiro  
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    Botero-Valencia, Juan Sebastián
    ;
    Valdivia, Leonardo  
    Wireless communication networks based on IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee PRO constitute a critical component of smart grid infrastructures, where reliability and availability requirements exceed those typically assumed in low-power wireless deployments. Despite extensive analytical modeling, most existing studies rely on independence assumptions for packet errors and simplified abstractions of reassociation dynamics. This work presents stochastic reliability characterization grounded on real MAC-layer traffic capture from an operational IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee PRO network. The methodology combines statistical hypothesis testing, first-order Markov modeling, spectral-gap analysis, large-deviation theory, renewal processes, and survival analysis of realignment intervals. Empirical results reject the hypothesis of independent frame errors and demonstrate significant temporal dependence with geometric mixing behavior. The estimated transition structure reveals burst-error persistence, inflating long-run variance relative to memoryless models. Furthermore, coordinator realignment intervals deviate from exponential behavior, exhibiting non-constant event rates consistent with regenerative dynamics. These findings indicate that effective communication reliability is governed not only by average frame error probability but also by dependence structure and regeneration mechanisms. The proposed probabilistic framework provides a rigorous and reproducible methodology for dependence-aware reliability assessment in smart grid communication systems.
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    Mass Flow Control Strategy for Maximum Energy Extraction in Thermal Energy Storage Tanks
    (ASME International, 2024-11-28)
    Montoya-Marquez, Orlando  
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    Acevedo-Parra, H. R.  
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    Valdivia, Leonardo  
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This paper introduces an experimental approach to enhance thermal energy storage (TES) tank performance by employing a novel control strategy and an automatic flow valve. The valve adjusts mass flow to minimize heat loss and maximize useful heat within a specified input–output temperature range. Experiments were conducted indoors, simulating input heat via an electric heating element, and adhering to ANSI/ASHRAE 93-2010 standards. In the proposed control strategy, the set point is self-regulated based on an input value which in this case is the heat introduced into the TES system. In this way, when there is more input heat available, the mass flow will increase to obtain more useful heat at the output and, on the contrary, when there is less heat available, the mass flow will be reduced to obtain greater exergy. A comparison between this strategy and conventional on–off control systems was conducted, evaluating their performance based on useful heat obtained over an 8-h period with varying input heat levels. Results demonstrate that the proposed flow control methodology consistently outperforms on–off control, achieving a maximum 13.56% increase in useful heat under optimal conditions. This underscores the effectiveness of the novel control strategy in maximizing thermal energy storage tank efficiency.</jats:p>
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    IoT-Based Smart Gas Meter With LTE Connectivity and Cloud Analytics for Stationary Tanks
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026)
    Valdivia, Leonardo  
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    Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina  
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    López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos  
    Millions of homes in developing countries rely on stationary LPG tanks, yet the methods for monitoring fuel levels remain manual, unsafe, and highly inefficient. This paper addresses this issue by presenting the design, development, and implementation of an IoT-based smart gas meter that uses a noninvasive Hall-effect sensor to digitally read existing level gauges. Data is transmitted via LTE, eliminating the need for Wi-Fi and optimizing connectivity. The system is designed for low power consumption, achieving a battery life of more than eight years. Additionally, a cloud architecture is implemented in AWS to process the collected data, allowing real-time analysis, predictive maintenance, and logistics optimization. A field test was also conducted with 15 prototypes, demonstrating accurate gas level monitoring, reliable refill detection, and gas theft prevention.
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    Hybrid BLE–LoRa architectures for energy-efficient and resilient wireless sensor networks: Experimental validation and adaptive clustering strategies
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-06-03)
    Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina  
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    Briseño, Ramón A.  
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    Valdivia, Leonardo  
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    Varela-Aldás, José
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    Visconti, Paolo
    Wireless Sensor Networks are increasingly deployed in mission-critical scenarios where resilience and energy efficiency are paramount. This paper presents a hybrid architecture combining Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Long Range (LoRa) technologies to enhance both robustness and energy-aware performance in adversarial environments characterized by reactive jamming attacks. A comprehensive experimental testbed was developed, integrating BLE and LoRa nodes, a dual-protocol gateway, and a reactive jammer emulator. We introduce an adaptive clustering algorithm that performs energy-aware role assignment and jamming mitigation based on signal anomaly detection and multi-metric routing. To validate its effectiveness, we conducted an extensive time-series analysis on energy consumption, retransmission rates, and signal resilience under both mitigated and non-mitigated conditions across BLE-only, LoRa-only, and hybrid BLE-LoRa networks. The results show protocol-dependent performance trade-offs under the proposed mitigation algorithm. While LoRa-only and hybrid BLE–LoRa networks exhibit consistent reductions in energy consumption, retransmissions, and variability, the BLE-only configuration demonstrates improved resilience at the cost of a moderate increase in energy usage and retransmission activity due to clustering and control overhead. Notably, the BLE-LoRa architecture balances delivery assurance and energy efficiency while maintaining communication even under interference. Furthermore, we provide statistical modeling and hypothesis testing confirming the mitigation algorithm’s significant impact. These findings offer a critical empirical contribution to the design of resilient and energy-aware heterogeneous WSNs and demonstrate the viability of real-time adaptive mitigation strategies for emerging smart environments.
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    A Resilient Energy-Efficient Framework for Jamming Mitigation in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
    (MDPI AG, 2025-09-29)
    Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina  
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    Del-Puerto-Flores, J. Alberto  
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    Valdivia, Leonardo  
    ;
    Aimé Lay-Ekuakille
    ;
    Paolo Visconti
    This paper presents a resilient and energy-efficient framework for jamming mitigation in cluster-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs), addressing a critical vulnerability in hostile or interference-prone environments. The proposed approa ch integrates dynamic cluster reorganization, adaptive MAC-layer behavior, and multipath routing strategies to restore communication capabilities and sustain network functionality under jamming conditions. The framework is evaluated across heterogeneous topologies using Zigbee and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE); both stacks were validated in a physical testbed with matched jammer and traffic conditions, while simulation was used solely to tune parameters and support sensitivity analyses. Results demonstrate significant improvements in Packet Delivery Ratio, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and retransmission rate, with BLE showing particularly high resilience when combined with the mitigation mechanism. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of routing protocols including AODV, GAF, and LEACH reveals that hierarchical protocols achieve superior performance when integrated with the proposed method. This framework has broader applicability in mission-critical IoT domains, including environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and healthcare systems. The findings confirm that the framework offers a scalable and protocol-agnostic defense mechanism, with potential applicability in mission-critical and interference-sensitive IoT deployments.
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    Bridging the Digital Divide in Mexico: A Critical Analysis of Telecommunications Infrastructure and Predictive Models for Policy Innovation
    (2024)
    Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina  
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    Ramon A. Briseño
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    López-Pimentel, Juan Carlos  
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    Velázquez, Ramiro  
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    Valdivia, Leonardo  
    <jats:p>This work presents an in-depth evaluation of the telecommunications landscape in Mexico from 2015 to 2023. The study’s primary focus is on the disparities in broadband access, telecommunications infrastructure, and digital inclusion across various regions, particularly between urban and rural areas. By employing predictive models and correlation analysis, the paper identifies key factors influencing technology adoption and service bundling in households. A significant contribution of this research lies in its identification of strong correlations between broadband access, GDP growth, and the penetration of multiple telecommunication services such as fixed telephony, broadband internet, and television. The predictive models developed offer crucial insights into the regional inequalities of digital access, revealing patterns that policymakers can use to prioritize infrastructure investments. The findings underscore the essential role of public policy innovation in promoting digital inclusion, particularly in underdeveloped regions, and provide a robust analytical framework for understanding how advanced telecommunications services contribute to socio-economic development. Through this analytical approach, the study demonstrates the critical relationship between telecommunications infrastructure and regional economic performance, offering data-driven recommendations to bridge the digital divide and enhance connectivity in underserved areas. The results offer significant value for future research and policy initiatives aimed at fostering equitable access to Information and communication technologies, promoting economic growth, and ensuring broader societal inclusion in the digital age.</jats:p>
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