Scalzo, Germán

Main Affiliation

Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales - CampCM

Preferred name

Scalzo, Germán

Official Name

Scalzo Molina, Germán Roberto

ORCID

0000-0003-4176-793X

Researcher ID

FQV-2175-2022

Scopus Author ID

57189442501

Now showing 1 - 10 of 51

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Guiding unphilosophical employees: organizational autonomy and work design theory in light of virtue ethics
(Emerald, 2026-02-19)
Scalzo, Germán
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Espejo, Álvaro
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Scalzo, Germán R.
Purpose This paper aims to address how to foster ethical decision-making in autonomous organizational contexts without undermining employee autonomy. It aims to provide a neo-Aristotelian response to this issue by exploring how MacIntyre’s virtue ethics – particularly his idea of the “unphilosophical” or “plain person” – can guide ethical decision-making in organizations without limiting autonomy. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper that, building on the problem addressed in work design theory regarding autonomy and ethical decision making, applies a MacIntyrean virtue ethics approach to explore practical considerations for employees to guide their non-expert ethical decision-making. Accordingly, the paper offers a complementary framework rooted in virtue ethics that emphasizes excellence, shared deliberation, fellowship and care as paths for a practical roadmap aimed toward ethical decision-making. Findings The paper suggests that MacIntyre’s virtue ethics provides a robust framework for addressing the paradox of autonomy and unethical behavior in organizations presented by work design theory. It shows that fostering shared deliberation, fellowship, and care can help employees identify and pursue workplace excellence while maintaining personal integrity and organizational effectiveness. Originality/value This study reframes the relationship between autonomy and ethics in the workplace, providing a philosophically grounded – yet accessible framework for plain, nonphilosophical employees – to address the paradox of autonomy and unethical behavior in organizations. It shows that fostering shared deliberation, fellowship and care can help employees identify and pursue workplace excellence while maintaining personal integrity and organizational effectiveness.
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Justice and Corporate Excellence
(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025)
Pinto-Garay, Javier
;
Scalzo, Germán
This book offers a systematic overview of major business ethics topics grounded in neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics and New Natural Law. Its broad approach spans philosophical themes to the most applied topics to promote business relations that respond to justice and responsibility. It presents business ethics as a theory of justice and the common good, offering a structured framework that integrates organizational, commercial, and corporate practices, consistently linked to the pursuit of excellence and human flourishing. This book is useful for philosophy professors who teach business and professional ethics courses, as well as graduate and undergraduate students in these courses. It is relevant to researchers interested in the ethical dimensions of business and management practice, especially those that touch on other management areas like strategy, marketing, or human resource management. ©The authors ©Springer.
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Making Wiser Decisions in Organizations: Insights from Inter-Processual Self Theory and Transcendental Anthropology
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025)
Akrivou, Kleio
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Martínez, Martín
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Luis, Elkin O.
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Scalzo, Germán
;
Aoiz, Martín
Current approaches in decision making, influenced by rationalist and pragmatist paradigms, offer notable strengths but fail to adequately address human growth, moral depth, and relational dynamics. Rationalist models emphasize universal principles and cognitive processing, offering structured approaches at the expense of human relationality and cultural diversity. Pragmatist approaches focus on adaptability and social context and provide flexibility, but their morally relativistic stance leads to ethical inconsistency. To address these gaps, we integrate Leonardo Polo’s transcendental personalist philosophy and the Inter-processual Self (IPS) Theory to redefine decision making as an opportunity for personal and relational growth. Grounded in anthropological insights, this framework prioritizes the human person as the center of moral action and decision making, fostering personal and relational growth through the transcendentals of personal love, knowledge, and freedom. We argue that this enriched perspective addresses critical limitations of existing models, enabling decision making to serve as a source of systemic wisdom and sustainable growth. By applying this framework to organizational contexts, we show how it enhances personal growth, and the persons’ transcendent motivation for virtues involving inter-relational growth and wisdom. Our approach offers a holistic and transformative lens to rethink decision making as a catalyst for individual and collective flourishing, providing actionable insights to meet contemporary challenges in business and society. © The authors © Springer.
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Virtuous work and organizational culture: how Aristotelian practical wisdom can humanize business
(Routledge, 2021)
Pinto, Javier
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Ferrero, Ignacio
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Scalzo, Germán
This chapter aims to overcome the rationalistic and mechanistic paradigm of organizational theory redefining the nature of organizations as a community of work. We sustain that Aristotelian practical wisdom deepens our understanding of organizations by incorporating different features of personal work in organizational contexts, such as meaning, interpretation, ambiguity, conflict, context-dependence, productivity and reflexivity. In this chapter, we will explain (i) how the organization aimed to excellence is better defined as a community of work, and (ii) how practical wisdom in an organization must be defined in light of work as a deliberative and participative production. Thus, the goal of the chapter is twofold: first, it seeks to introduce a concept of work into the Aristotelian organizational theory; second, it aims to show the potential of Aristotelian practical wisdom for deepening our understanding of organizations by integrating an Aristotelian definition of the community of work and common good into organizational theory.© 2021 Routledge.
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Sobre contratos y usura en Manuel Rodríguez, el Lusitano
(2016)
Aspe-Armella, Virginia
;
Scalzo, Germán
This paper analyzes Manuel Rodríguez's work - Suma de casos de conciencia - in order to garner a greater understanding on the projection of the School of Salamanca's economic thought. The study of this author, who lived during the second half of the sixteenth century and is known as "el Lusitano," gives an insight into this School's evolution, comparing the different ways that moral theologians responded to the challenges of their time. The common elements within the School's evolution help to delineate the spirit that inspired its members over the years, and they offer clues that allow for an interpretation of contemporary economic life from a true anthropology of justice. ©2016 Cauriensia, Universidad de Extremadura
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Génesis del pensamiento económico: dos visiones en pugna
(2015)
Scalzo, Germán
In the late eighteenth century, following the publication of The Wealth of Nations (Smith, 1776), a paradigm shift emerged in the concept of the economy, characterized by a progressive “naturalization” or “depersonalization”, which is commonly accepted as the genesis of economics. From this perspective, the economy is considered a necessary process that responds to laws that are as objective as physical laws and "discovering them" becomes the economist’s proper task. This article challenges this apodictic view through an approach to the conception of economic activity in the very origins of philosophical thought – specifically in Plato and Aristotle, who both offered original proposals that structure the origin of the economic thought. This article thus aims to show that there is a close relationship between the notion of economy and the underlying anthropological conception. © Cauriensia
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Rebuilding the Temple of Graces: Gift-giving as the Foundation of Care
(2018)
Scalzo, Germán
;
Moreno Almárcegui, Antonio
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Padilla Lavin, Maria de los Angeles
The concept of "care" has recently emerged to expand the idea of rationality in economics, introducing insights that have traditionally been restricted to the so-called third sector (non-profit), and, as a result, questioning mainstream economics. This article is based on the thesis that the development and functionality of the market and the state are a result of something previous, i.e., the presence of the gift in social relations. The idea of the gift is related with charis, which is at the root of care and is in addition closely related to the religious concepts of grace and charity. In order to show that this notion was present in the Western classical tradition- from Aristotle to Scholastic thought-this article traces the foundation and evolution of money through the lens of social interaction in terms of friendship and fraternity. Finally, it suggests that a social order based exclusively on contractual exchange relations is a consequence of an interpretation of the gift as a pure and generous gesture without the moral obligation of reciprocity. In opposition to that thesis, critics of modern economics, including feminist and Catholic thinkers, come together to defend the superiority of gift over contract, that is to say, of distributive over commutative justice. © 2018 OEconomia. All rights reserved.
Scopus© Citations 2 22 2
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Ethical Leadership as a Driver of Supervisor Technical and Social Effectiveness: A Triple Helix for Cultivating Employees' Sense of Purpose
(Wiley, 2024)
Al Halbusi, Hussam
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Ruiz-Palomino, Pablo
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Linuesa-Langreo, Jorge
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Scalzo, Germán
A sense of purpose is generated when individuals perceive an authentic connection between their work and a broader transcendent life purpose beyond the self. Academics have shown significant positive effects of this driving force in life for employees and organizations, and thus the literature demands studies that analyze its antecedents, i.e., the potential factors that shape an individual's sense of purpose in life. Following an Aristotelian approach to virtue ethics in business, we analyze (1) whether ethical leadership enhances the technical and social effectiveness of supervisors, and (2) whether this moral asset of leaders enhances employee sense of purpose, either directly or by interacting with their technical and social effectiveness-related dimensions. Using data from 395 employees in the Iraqi insurance and health care industry, structural equation modeling analysis revealed that, as expected, the ethical dimension of supervisors can influence employees' sense of purpose, both directly and by improving their technical and social effectiveness as leaders. Our findings thus encourage managers to practice ethical leadership to become more effective in leadership and in encouraging employees to have a sense of purpose in what they do. ©The authors ©Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility ©Wiley.
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Prudence as part of a worldview: historical and conceptual dimensions
(2016)
Scalzo, Germán
;
Alford, Helen
As Sison (2015, p. 232) remarks, ‘politics’ in Aristotle could mean at least three different things: (1) a kind of life; (2) a qualifier for the virtues of justice and prudence; or (3) a body of knowledge. As a body of knowledge, its object is happiness (eudaimonia), which is the supreme human good. Happiness ‘is not a mere object of knowledge (gnosis) but action (praxis); in particular it consists in “living or doing well” (NE 1095a), in accordance with the proper function of human beings, which is rational activity (NE 1098a)’ (ibid., p. 233). Aristotle puts particular emphasis on the injunctions of practical wisdom: [H]is ideal of a good man must unite two different kind of virtues: practical wisdom (phronēsis), the intellectual virtue necessary for conceiving of the right decisions of the means and ways to carry them out, and (ii) the moral or character virtues (ēthikē aretē), the habitually acquired, appropriate emotional attitudes towards acting and being affected. (Frede, 2013, pp. 126–7). In order to conceptualize prudence – phronēsis – one must distinguish it from other forms of excellence that reason might acquire according to its different activities. Aristotle identifies three kinds of human activity (energeia) (NE, 1178b): contemplation (theõria), action (praxis) and production (poiēsis), each governed by a different kind of rational excellence (aretē). Thus contemplation is governed by theoretical reason (sophia), action by moral – practical – reason (phronēsis) and production by technical reason (technē) (Murphy, 1993, p. 87). Aristotle does not contrast thought (knowledge) with activity (action), recognizing that all complex human activity is marked by a unity between conception and execution and that, in relation to it, there are three kinds of thought (dianoia) (Metaphysics, II 2 y VII 1): theoretical thought, which speculates on something; practical thought, which works; and productive thought, which makes. ©2016, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
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Educational Implications That Arise From Differing Models of Human Development and Their Repercussions on Social Innovation
(2019)
Orón Semper, José Víctor
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Akrivou, Kleio
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Scalzo, Germán
Social innovation aims for creating social value primarily while it recognizes that not all technology-based progress amounts to social progress. We think that this calls for a paradigm shift in how we understand education. No one doubts that education requires intense cognitive effort, but educational proposals certainly vary depending on how cognition is understood. In this article, we suggest that different ways of understanding human development are related to different ways of understanding cognition. Thus, these different conceptions of human development affect their resulting educational proposal. While not an exhaustive account, we sketch out three models of human development, the so-called autonomous self (AS), processual self (PS), and inter-processual self (IPS). Each has different implications for education depending on their particular understanding of cognition. The AS and PS models understand cognition as a primarily rational mastery exercise, with the difference that PS uses relationships and diverse psychological faculties for the subject's cognitive development, whereas AS relies more on the subject's rational agency. On the other hand, IPS understands cognition as a relational act that, when it arises from interiority, affects all dimensions of the person. In the present article, we explore the educational consequences of these different ways of understanding cognition with the assistance of interdisciplinary dialogue from philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience, and their repercussion on social innovation with the intention of opening up reflection in the field of education and of inspiring its practitioners to rethink the model they assume. We will conclude with reflections informing educational implications for the design of programs and teacher training itself. © Copyright © 2019 Orón Semper, Akrivou and Scalzo.
Scopus© Citations 7 17 2

Scalzo, Germán

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