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    The intersection of education and gender disparities in entrepreneurship: a longitudinal decomposition approach in Russia
    (Emerald, 2026-05-22)
    Purpose This study examines the role of education in explaining and potentially reducing gender disparities in entrepreneurship in Russia, a country with a relatively low gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. The research aims to assess whether educational attainment – particularly women's superior educational outcomes – contributes to narrowing the entrepreneurship gap over time. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) covering the years 2000–2022. The sample comprises 226,242 observations from 36,227 individuals, of whom 54.8% are women. Gender disparities in entrepreneurship are analyzed using longitudinal decomposition techniques – extensions of the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder method – allowing for the separation of differences in levels and changes. The models control for sociodemographic characteristics such as age, marital status, number of children, health status, generalized trust, migration background, ethnicity and residency in Moscow or Saint Petersburg. The study differentiates between necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Findings The results indicate that education plays a significant role in reducing the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Russia. Women in Russia exhibit higher levels of educational attainment than men, and this educational advantage is associated with a narrowing of the entrepreneurship gap, which remains relatively small. Importantly, education functions as a structural equalizer rather than a short-term dynamic driver of convergence. These findings are robust across both types of entrepreneurship and persist after controlling for other relevant variables. Originality/value This study contributes novel empirical evidence on gender and entrepreneurship in a transition economy by applying longitudinal decomposition techniques to a large, nationally representative dataset. The research highlights the unique case of Russia, where gender parity in entrepreneurship is comparatively high, and underscores the critical role of education in shaping equitable economic outcomes. The findings offer policy-relevant insights for other countries seeking to use education as a lever to promote gender equality in entrepreneurial activity.
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      8
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      12
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    Determination of the Representative Socioeconomic Level by BSA in the Mexican Republic
    (CEIPA Business School, 2018) ;
    Macedo Ruiz Edith Cecilia
    ;
    ;
    The aim of this article is to determine the socioeconomic level (SEL) with disaggregation of the Basic Statistical Area (BSA) in the Mexican Republic. The methodology used is the one established by the Mexican Association of Market Research Agencies (AMAI) along with the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). The Clustering of the BSAs was carried out according to variables contained in the Population and Housing Census of 2010, through Gaussian mixture models, learning neural networks and finally, by defining the labels corresponding to each SEL. We found the existence of a representative SEL for each BSA. In addition, the definition of each socioeconomic level shows good results with an average of 90.86% of correctly labeled elements.
      23
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    Structural Equation Modeling for Analyzing Pro-Environmental Behavior in Switzerland
    <jats:p>Using data from Round 11 of the European Social Survey, covering Switzerland, this article employs Structural Equation Modeling to investigate the associations between psychosocial factors and pro-environmental behavior. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, which integrates subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and attitudes to predict behavioral intentions and actual pro-environmental behaviors. The findings reveal that perceived social norms are strong predictors of pro-environmental behavioral intentions, illustrating the power of expectations from other people on the propensity to act sustainably. However, the effects of attitudes toward the environment and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intention were minimal or unobserved. It indicates that respondents may support environmental and sustainability issues, but this is often not matched by strong intentions to act. Additionally, the perceived control over pro-environmental behavior does not directly affect actual behavior. This suggests that external barriers may prevent individuals from performing sustainable behavior, even if they are motivated. The measurement invariance across gender groups was also examined in the study, which is essential to confirm the equivalence of measurements, and observed differences in latent variables could not be an artifact due to potential measurement bias. The findings suggest that subjective norms and pro-environmental behaviors are more likely to be higher among women, while men scored higher on perceived control. This indicates that women internalize social expectations stronger than men do to act, but for men, they feel able to act, but this confidence does not imply action. This research focuses on the significance of social influences in ecologically friendly action and on the discrepancies between intention and behavior. This study adds to our understanding of the determinants of pro-environmental behavior, providing relevant insights for policymakers to inform more effective interventions that close the gap between awareness and action.</jats:p>
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    Enabling Knowledge Sharing Through Relational Capital in a Family Business Context
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022-02-26) ;
    Bárbara I. Mojarro-Durán
    ;
    Angel Eustorgio Rivera
    This article provides a more comprehensive view of relational capital (RC) and how it affects knowledge sharing (KS) within family firms. Through the lens of an RC framework with four dimensions (agent, context, object, and relationship) and a relational perspective, we propose that the agent, context and relationship have an effect on the sharing of the object (knowledge). To operationalize the dimensions we used mutual trust and reciprocal commitment to represent the agent, norms and sanctions the context, and strength of ties the relationship. To empirically test the proposal, quantitative relational data at the dyadic level was collected from 27 agents including family members and non-family members in a manufacturing company located in Mexico. Data was analyzed using social network analysis through multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP). Findings suggest that RC is better represented by one individual dimension (mutual trust), one relational dimension (ties strength) and one contextual dimension (norms and sanctions) and they prove to have a significant effect on KS. This study contributes to the social capital and knowledge management literature by expanding, through a relational perspective, the understanding of the RC variables and their effects on KS within the context of family businesses in a Latin American emerging economy. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
      20
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    Explainable Glaucoma Screening via Optic Disc Localization and Comparative Class Activation Map-Based Analysis
    (MDPI AG, 2026-06-24)
    Ramos-Soto, Oscar
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    Perez-Zarate, Ezequiel
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    Ramos-Frutos, Jorge
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    Oliva, Diego
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    Pérez-Cisneros, Marco