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    The intersection of education and gender disparities in entrepreneurship: a longitudinal decomposition approach in Russia
    (Emerald, 2026-05-22)
    Purpose This study examines the role of education in explaining and potentially reducing gender disparities in entrepreneurship in Russia, a country with a relatively low gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. The research aims to assess whether educational attainment – particularly women's superior educational outcomes – contributes to narrowing the entrepreneurship gap over time. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) covering the years 2000–2022. The sample comprises 226,242 observations from 36,227 individuals, of whom 54.8% are women. Gender disparities in entrepreneurship are analyzed using longitudinal decomposition techniques – extensions of the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder method – allowing for the separation of differences in levels and changes. The models control for sociodemographic characteristics such as age, marital status, number of children, health status, generalized trust, migration background, ethnicity and residency in Moscow or Saint Petersburg. The study differentiates between necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Findings The results indicate that education plays a significant role in reducing the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Russia. Women in Russia exhibit higher levels of educational attainment than men, and this educational advantage is associated with a narrowing of the entrepreneurship gap, which remains relatively small. Importantly, education functions as a structural equalizer rather than a short-term dynamic driver of convergence. These findings are robust across both types of entrepreneurship and persist after controlling for other relevant variables. Originality/value This study contributes novel empirical evidence on gender and entrepreneurship in a transition economy by applying longitudinal decomposition techniques to a large, nationally representative dataset. The research highlights the unique case of Russia, where gender parity in entrepreneurship is comparatively high, and underscores the critical role of education in shaping equitable economic outcomes. The findings offer policy-relevant insights for other countries seeking to use education as a lever to promote gender equality in entrepreneurial activity.
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    Determination of the Representative Socioeconomic Level by BSA in the Mexican Republic
    (CEIPA Business School, 2018) ;
    Macedo Ruiz Edith Cecilia
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    The aim of this article is to determine the socioeconomic level (SEL) with disaggregation of the Basic Statistical Area (BSA) in the Mexican Republic. The methodology used is the one established by the Mexican Association of Market Research Agencies (AMAI) along with the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). The Clustering of the BSAs was carried out according to variables contained in the Population and Housing Census of 2010, through Gaussian mixture models, learning neural networks and finally, by defining the labels corresponding to each SEL. We found the existence of a representative SEL for each BSA. In addition, the definition of each socioeconomic level shows good results with an average of 90.86% of correctly labeled elements.
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      25
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    Explainable Glaucoma Screening via Optic Disc Localization and Comparative Class Activation Map-Based Analysis
    (MDPI AG, 2026-06-24)
    Ramos-Soto, Oscar
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    Perez-Zarate, Ezequiel
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    Ramos-Frutos, Jorge
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    Oliva, Diego
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    Pérez-Cisneros, Marco
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    Combined and General Methodologies of Key Space Partition for the Cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers
    (2024)
    Mijail Borges-Quintana
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    Miguel A. Borges-Trenard
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    Osmani Tito-Corrioso
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    <jats:p>This paper proposes two new methods of key space partitioning for the cryptanalysis of block ciphers. The first one is called combined methodology of key space partition (CoMeKSPar), which allows us to simultaneously set some of the first and last consecutive bits of the key. In this way, the search is performed using the remaining middle bits. CoMeKSPar is a combination of two methods already proposed in the scientific literature, the Borges, Borges, Monier (BBM) and the Tito, Borges, Borges (TBB). The second method is called the general algorithm of key space reduction (GAKSRed), which makes it possible to perform a genetic algorithm search in the space formed by the unknown bits of the key, regardless of their distribution in the binary block. Furthermore, a method of attacking block ciphers is presented for the case where some key bits are known; the basic idea is to deduce some of the remaining bits of the block. An advantage of these methods is that they allow parallel computing, which allows simultaneous searches in different sub-blocks of key bits, thereby increasing the probability of success. The experiments are performed with the KLEIN (Small) lightweight block cipher using the genetic algorithm.</jats:p>
      15
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    Development of Transformational Social Entrepreneurship through Innovation Determinants in the Handicraft Industry of the Wayuu Community in Colombia
    The indigenous community of Wayuu located in Colombia and Venezuela possesses a rich culture in customs and traditions. However, it has limited economic and material resources, which results in infant mortality and malnutrition. The craft industry in the community of Wayuu is the main source of income. Nevertheless, this economic activity does not generate the necessary income for the basic survival of its artisans. Tourism and crafts are two industries that are tightly linked, where innovation is key for their growth and development. In this research work, we analyse the capacity of innovation of the Wayuu crafts based on eight innovation factors developed by Naidu, Chand and Southgate. This determines the current assets with which this industry counts and those in need to be developed so the Wayuu community may grow a true social entrepreneurship—one that is able to solve the current social and economic problems without modifying its culture and regional roots.
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